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Personality disorders Personality Disorders A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. Cluster A Personality Disorders are ego-syntonic behaviors that begin in childhood or adolescence and are classified into 3 clusters: A, B, and C. They can considerably interfere with a patient’s adherence to medical treatment for a variety of reasons. It is important to rule out organic causes of a mental disorder (e.g., endocrine hormone imbalances, medication adverse effects, alcohol and/or substance use, other mental health co-morbidities) before ascribing a personality disorder to a patient. Cluster B includes antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders Personality Disorders A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. Cluster A Personality Disorders, which can be behaviorally described as dramatic, erratic, and threatening/disturbing.
Last updated: Dec 13, 2024
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Key features
Risk factors
Management
Clinical associations
Key features
Risk factors
Management
Clinical associations
Key features
Risk factors
Management
Clinical associations
Key features
Risk factors
Management
Clinical associations
Cluster B disorder | Antisocial | Borderline | Histrionic | Narcissistic |
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Key features | Disregard and violation of others’ rights, social norms, and laws |
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Defense mechanism Defense mechanism Unconscious process used by an individual or a group of individuals in order to cope with impulses, feelings or ideas which are not acceptable at their conscious level; various types include reaction formation, projection and self reversal. Psychotherapy | Acting out Acting out Expressing unconscious emotional conflicts or feelings, often of hostility or love, through overt behavior. Defense Mechanisms |
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Differentials |
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Bipolar Bipolar Nervous System: Histology disorder (fluctuating between manic and depressive episodes Depressive episodes Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders. Bipolar Disorder) | Bipolar Bipolar Nervous System: Histology disorder (manic talkativeness and delusions of grandeur Delusions of grandeur Delusional Disorder) |
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Management | Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is interpersonal treatment based on the understanding of psychological principles and mechanisms of mental disease. The treatment approach is often individualized, depending on the psychiatric condition(s) or circumstance. Psychotherapy (pharmacotherapy is generally not recommended) | Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) (first line) with low-dose pharmacotherapy for applicable symptoms (e.g., anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants) Tip: BorDerline gets DBT | Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is interpersonal treatment based on the understanding of psychological principles and mechanisms of mental disease. The treatment approach is often individualized, depending on the psychiatric condition(s) or circumstance. Psychotherapy (first line) with low-dose pharmacotherapy for applicable symptoms (e.g., anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants) | Psychotherapy Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is interpersonal treatment based on the understanding of psychological principles and mechanisms of mental disease. The treatment approach is often individualized, depending on the psychiatric condition(s) or circumstance. Psychotherapy (first line) with low-dose pharmacotherapy for applicable symptoms (e.g., anxiolytics, mood stabilizers, antidepressants) |
Epidemiology | ♂>>>♀ | ♀>>♂ | ♀>>♂ | ♂=♀ |
Example | A 20-year-old man is caught stealing from his neighbor and then lying about it. He has “no regrets.” | A woman with epilepsy Epilepsy Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder marked by recurrent and unprovoked seizures. These seizures can be classified as focal or generalized and idiopathic or secondary to another condition. Clinical presentation correlates to the classification of the epileptic disorder. Epilepsy interprets her physician’s delay in returning her call as a personal slight and “retaliates” by not taking her seizure medication. | A woman wearing a revealing shirt comes in for a routine check-up, during which she flirts with you and asks you if you’re single. | A world-famous surgeon with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus refuses to take his medication because he feels it is “beneath him.” |