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Vitaminas Hidrosolubles y sus Deficiencias

Vitaminas Hidrosolubles y sus Deficiencias

Las vitaminas hidrosolubles son solubles en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre y se almacenan mínimamente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo, a diferencia de las vitaminas liposolubles. Las vitaminas hidrosolubles más importantes desde el punto de vista clínico son:vitamina B1 (tiamina), vitamina B2 (riboflavina), vitamina B3 (niacina), vitamina B5 (ácido pantoténico), vitamina B6 (piridoxina), vitamina B7 (biotina), vitamina B9 (folato), vitamina B12 (cobalamina) (las últimas 2 son algunas de las vitaminas más importantes desde el punto de vista clínico y se tratan por separado), y la vitamina C (ácido ascórbico). Muchas de estas vitaminas son componentes críticos de diferentes vías metabólicas y desempeñan papeles importantes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la función celular normal. La mayoría se encuentran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum nuestra dieta diaria, pero algunas personas con dietas restrictivas, afecciones de malabsorción o trastorno por consumo de alcohol pueden presentar clínicamente deficiencias vitamínicas y sus consecuencias. Como son hidrosolubles y se excretan por los LOS Neisseria riñones, la mayoría de estas vitaminas no alcanzan niveles tóxicos.

Last updated: Apr 25, 2025

Editorial responsibility: Stanley Oiseth, Lindsay Jones, Evelin Maza

Contents

Descripción General

Definición

Las vitaminas son importantes sustancias orgánicas necesarias para las funciones metabólicas normales. Estas sustancias no pueden ser sintetizadas por el organismo; deben ser ingeridas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la dieta. Las vitaminas se dividen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum hidrosolubles y liposolubles.

  • Las vitaminas hidrosolubles más importantes desde el punto de vista clínico son las vitaminas B y la vitamina C.
  • Las deficiencias de estas vitaminas pueden dar lugar a manifestaciones clínicas.
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum algunos casos, el uso excesivo puede provocar toxicidad, pero en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el caso de la mayoría de las vitaminas hidrosolubles, el exceso es simplemente excretado por los LOS Neisseria riñones.
  • Las recomendaciones de ingesta se presentan como una Ingesta Diaria Recomendada de EE. UU., que es el nivel medio de ingesta diaria suficiente para satisfacer las necesidades de nutrientes de casi todos los LOS Neisseria individuos sanos (97%–98%).

Resumen de las deficiencias de vitaminas hidrosolubles clínicamente importantes

Tabla: Resumen de las deficiencias de vitaminas hidrosolubles clínicamente importantes
Vitamina Afección clínica causada por la deficiencia
B1 (tiamina)
  • Beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies:
    • Beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies infantil
    • Beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies seco
    • Beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies húmedo
  • Síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff
B3 (niacina) Pelagra
Vitamina C Escorbuto
Folato y vitamina B12
  • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types megaloblástica
  • Defectos del tubo neural (folato)
  • Neuropatía periférica (especialmente B12)

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Vitamina B1: Tiamina

La vitamina B1 también se conoce como tiamina. La deficiencia de tiamina provoca los LOS Neisseria síndromes clínicos del beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies y del síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff.

Funciones

  • Crítico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el metabolismo energético:
    • Es un cofactor importante para varias enzimas clave del ciclo de Krebs, entre ellas:
      • Piruvato deshidrogenasa
      • α-Cetoglutarato deshidrogenasa
    • Importante para el crecimiento, el desarrollo y el funcionamiento normal de las células
  • Funciones nerviosas:
    • Necesario para la propagación de los LOS Neisseria impulsos nerviosos colinérgicos y serotoninérgicos
    • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el mantenimiento de la vaina de mielina
    • Su deficiencia produce neuropatía y otros síntomas neurológicos.

Absorción, metabolismo, transporte y almacenamiento

  • Absorción:
    • Principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el yeyuno y el íleon
    • Se absorbe tanto por transporte activo como por difusión pasiva
  • Difosfato de tiamina (también conocido como pirofosfato de tiamina):
    • Forma metabólicamente activa de la tiamina
    • La tiamina se transporta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum estado desfosforilado.
    • Entra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células a través de un transporte activo con una ATPasa
    • La tiamina se activa a difosfato de tiamina a través de la fosforilación intracelular.
  • Vida media y almacenamiento:
    • Las mayores concentraciones de tiamina se encuentran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
      • Músculos del esqueleto
      • Hígado
      • Corazón
      • Riñones
      • Cerebro
    • Vida media: 10–20 días
    • La capacidad de almacenamiento es limitada → se requiere una ingesta continua para mantener los LOS Neisseria niveles normales.
  • Excreción: orina

Necesidades diarias

Ingesta diaria recomendada típicas para la tiamina:

  • Lactantes: 0,2–0,3 mg/día
  • Niños: aumenta de 0,5 mg a la edad de 1 año a 0,9 mg a los LOS Neisseria 9–13 años
  • Hombres ≥ 14 años: 1,2 mg
  • Mujeres ≥ 14 años: 1,0–1,4 mg en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función de la edad y del estado de embarazo/lactancia

Fuentes dietéticas

La tiamina se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:

  • Cereales integrales y arroz integral
  • Carne: cerdo y ternera
  • Pescado y marisco
  • Legumbres
  • Levadura
  • Panes, cereales, arroz y preparados para lactantes enriquecidos

Deficiencia: beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies y síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff

La deficiencia de tiamina se manifiesta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum dos tipos de síndromes clínicos: el beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies y el síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff.

Beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies:

  • Poco frecuente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria países desarrollados
  • Beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies infantil:
    • Ocurre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum lactantes amamantados por madres con deficiencia de tiamina
    • Se presenta clínicamente con:
      • Síndrome cardíaco fulminante: cardiomegalia, taquicardia, cianosis, disnea
      • Llanto afónico (sin sonido)
      • Vómitos
      • Agitación, movimiento sin propósito, alteración de la conciencia y convulsiones
  • Beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies seco:
    • Neuropatía periférica simétrica, que incluye defectos sensoriales y motores, principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las extremidades distales
    • Confusión
    • Dificultad para hablar
    • Movimientos oculares involuntarios
  • Beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies húmedo:
    • Signos y síntomas de afectación cardíaca similares a los LOS Neisseria del beriberi Beriberi A disease caused by a deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) and characterized by polyneuritis, cardiac pathology, and edema. The epidemic form is found primarily in areas in which white (polished) rice is the staple food, as in japan, china, the philippines, india, and other countries of southeast Asia. Water-soluble Vitamins and their Deficiencies infantil: cardiomegalia, taquicardia, cardiomiopatía, insuficiencia cardíaca y edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema periférico
    • Neuropatía

Síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff: 2 síndromes diferentes que son estadios distintos de la misma enfermedad.

  • Encefalopatía de Wernicke:
    • Una encefalopatía aguda que requiera tratamiento urgente (20% de mortalidad sin tratamiento)
    • Los LOS Neisseria síntomas incluyen: neuropatía periférica, anomalías oculares (e.g., nistagmo, oftalmoplejía), ataxia Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. Ataxia-telangiectasia, afasia y confusión
  • Psicosis de Korsakoff:
    • Una deficiencia crónica de tiamina, que a menudo se produce como consecuencia de la encefalopatía de Wernicke
    • Los LOS Neisseria síntomas incluyen déficits de memoria a corto plazo y confabulación con una cognición por lo demás muy normal
  • El síndrome de Wernicke-Korsakoff se observa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con trastorno por consumo de alcohol entre 8–10 veces más que en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la población general.
A patient with Wernicke encephalopathy showing hyperintensity of the periaqueductal gray substanceA patient with Wernicke encephalopathy showing hyperintensity of the periaqueductal gray substance

Un paciente con encefalopatía de Wernicke mostrando hiperintensidad de la sustancia gris periacueductal

Imagen: “Fig3: FLAIR axial shows hyperintensity of the periaqueductal grey” por Busani S. et al. Licencia: CC BY 4.0

Usos terapéuticos y relevancia clínica

  • La deficiencia de tiamina puede ocurrir en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Pacientes con alcoholismo, debido a una ingesta dietética deficiente
    • Pacientes con nutrición parenteral total sin una suplementación adecuada
    • Pacientes que se han sometido a cirugía bariátrica, debido a la malabsorción
    • Pacientes con SIDA, posiblemente por desnutrición en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum estado catabólico
    • Pacientes con neoplasias hematológicas de rápida evolución
  • El tratamiento consiste en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la administración de suplementos de tiamina por vía intravenosa y luego por vía oral, dependiendo de la gravedad de la enfermedad.
  • Síntomas de toxicidad: no se ha HA Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia identificado ninguno (el riñón puede eliminar rápidamente la mayor parte del exceso de tiamina, y ésta no se almacena en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum grandes cantidades en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el organismo)

Vitamina B2: Riboflavina

La vitamina B2 se conoce como riboflavina, y su carencia es poco frecuente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Estados Unidos.

Funciones

  • Interviene en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum muchas vías metabólicas como componente esencial de las coenzimas
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la producción de energía en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el ciclo de Krebs
  • Cataliza múltiples reacciones de oxidación-reducción
  • Importante para el crecimiento, el desarrollo y la función celular normales

Absorción, metabolismo, transporte y almacenamiento

  • Hidrólisis de la riboflavina dietética en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum riboflavina libre en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el estómago a través del ácido gástrico y las enzimas proteolíticas
  • Absorción pasiva a través de un sistema de transporte en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado (este sistema puede saturarse)
  • La riboflavina libre se une a la albúmina y a algunas inmunoglobulinas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre.
  • Se transporta al AL Amyloidosis hígado a través del torrente sanguíneo
  • La riboflavina libre se metaboliza en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum su forma activa, el dinucleótido de adenina de flavina, a través de la fosforilación intracelular dependiente del ATP.
  • Se almacena en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de flavoproteínas (flavina unida a proteínas) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cantidades limitadas, principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado

Necesidades diarias

  • Lactantes: 0,3–0,4 mg/día
  • Niños de 1–13 años: 0,5–0,9 mg/día
  • Adultos: 1,0–1,6 mg/día según la edad exacta, el sexo y el estado de embarazo/lactancia

Fuentes dietéticas

  • Leche
  • Huevos
  • Menudencias (e.g., hígado y riñones), carne magra y pescado
  • Verduras verdes (e.g., espárragos, brócoli, espinacas)
  • Levaduras
  • Cereales y panes enriquecidos

Deficiencia

  • Síntomas:
    • Estomatitis, queilitis y/o glositis (inflamación de la boca, labios y/o lengua)
    • Faringitis (“ dolor Dolor Inflammation de garganta”)
    • Dermatitis Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema) seborréica
    • Cataratas
    • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types normocítica normocrómica
  • Debido a una ingesta inadecuada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Dietas veganas, especialmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria deportistas
    • Consumo excesivo de alcohol
    • Embarazo
    • Pacientes con anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa nerviosa
    • Malabsorción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la celiaquía y otras enfermedades intestinales
    • Uso prolongado de barbitúricos
  • Raramente, puede observarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum pacientes con una afección conocida como síndrome de Brown-Vialetto-Van Laere, que resulta de un defecto congénito en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las enzimas dependientes de la riboflavina.
Angular stomatitis due to riboflavin deficiency

Stomatitis angular por deficiencia de riboflavina

Imagen: “This image depicted a frontal view of the lower half of a patient’s face” por Public Health Image Library (PHIL). Licencia: Dominio Público

Usos terapéuticos y relevancia clínica

  • Sustitución terapéutica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum casos de carencia por ingesta inadecuada
  • Pacientes con VIH con acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis láctica debido a ciertos medicamentos antirretrovirales (la acidosis Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up. Respiratory Acidosis láctica puede revertirse con una terapia de riboflavina)
  • Las pruebas limitadas sugieren un papel para su uso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la prevención de la migraña
  • Síntomas de toxicidad: no se ha HA Hemolytic anemia (HA) is the term given to a large group of anemias that are caused by the premature destruction/hemolysis of circulating red blood cells (RBCs). Hemolysis can occur within (intravascular hemolysis) or outside the blood vessels (extravascular hemolysis). Hemolytic Anemia identificado ninguno (la saturación de los LOS Neisseria mecanismos de absorción y la rápida excreción por los LOS Neisseria riñones evita la acumulación tóxica)

Vitamina B3: Niacina

La niacina es el nombre genérico de un grupo de compuestos que incluyen el ácido nicotínico, la nicotinamida y otros derivados relacionados. Está ampliamente distribuido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria alimentos vegetales y animales. La deficiencia de niacina causa la afección clínica conocida como pelagra.

Funciones

La niacina es necesaria para la mayoría de los LOS Neisseria procesos metabólicos del organismo:

  • Desempeña un papel fundamental en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las reacciones de oxidación y reducción a través de sus formas activas:
    • Dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida:
      • Generalmente, participan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las reacciones catabólicas
      • Transfiere la energía de los LOS Neisseria carbohidratos, las grasas y las proteínas a ATP
    • Fosfato de dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida:
      • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum general, participan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las reacciones anabólicas
      • Permite la síntesis de colesterol y ácidos grasos
  • Cataliza más de 400 reacciones enzimáticas, más que cualquier otra coenzima derivada de las vitaminas
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la función antioxidante
  • Mantiene la integridad del genoma, afecta a la expresión de los LOS Neisseria genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure y participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la comunicación celular
  • Función nerviosa
  • Producción de colesterol

Absorción, metabolismo, transporte y almacenamiento

  • La mayor parte de la niacina dietética está en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida y fosfato de dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida.
  • El dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida y el fosfato de dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida de la dieta se hidrolizan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum primer lugar a nicotinamida y luego una parte es convertida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum ácido nicotínico por los LOS Neisseria microbios intestinales.
  • La nicotinamida y el ácido nicotínico se absorben en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado por difusión pasiva y facilitada.
  • Son absorbidos por la mayoría de las células del cuerpo, donde se convierten de nuevo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida y fosfato de dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida.
  • El dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida y el fosfato de dinucleótido de adenina de niconamida están más concentrados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria músculos y el hígado.
  • Exceso de niacina:
    • Una parte es absorbida por los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos (pequeña forma de almacenamiento).
    • El resto se metila y se excreta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina.
  • El triptófano también puede convertirse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum nicotinamida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado utilizando la vitamina B6 como cofactor.

Necesidades diarias

  • Lactantes y niños: 2 mg/día a partir del nacimiento y aumentar a 12 mg/día a medida que el niño crece
  • Hombres ≥ 14 años de edad: 16 mg/día
  • Mujeres ≥ 14 años de edad: 14 mg/día; 17–18 mg/día durante el embarazo o la lactancia

Fuentes dietéticas

  • Carne, especialmente hígado
  • Pescado (e.g., salmón, atún)
  • Aves de corral
  • Legumbres, frutos secos y semillas
  • Granos (e.g., arroz integral)
  • Cereales fortificados, panes y fórmulas infantiles enriquecidas
  • También se sintetiza a partir del triptófano (la capacidad varía significativamente entre los LOS Neisseria individuos)

Deficiencia: pelagra

El síndrome clínico asociado a la deficiencia de niacina se denomina pelagra.

  • Síntomas de la pelagra (“las 4 Ds”):
    • Dermatitis Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema): fotosensibilidad que da lugar a una erupción pigmentada simétrica y rugosa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las zonas expuestas al AL Amyloidosis sol
    • Diarrea
    • Demencia: puede incluir depresión que progresa a psicosis con pérdida de memoria
    • Deceso (rara)
  • La pelagra es poco frecuente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum Estados Unidos, excepto en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum ciertas poblaciones de riesgo:
    • Trastorno por consumo de alcohol
    • Complicaciones de la cirugía bariátrica
    • Anorexia Anorexia The lack or loss of appetite accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder anorexia nervosa. Anorexia Nervosa nerviosa
    • Afecciones de malabsorción
    • Síndrome carcinoide
    • Enfermedad de Hartnup: trastorno autosómico recesivo que provoca una absorción defectuosa del triptófano
Erupción cutánea característica asociada a la pelagra Malabsorción

Erupción cutánea característica asociada a la pelagra

Imagen: “This child has the skin rash associated with pellagra” por CDC. Licencia: Domino Público

Usos terapéuticos y relevancia clínica

  • Se utiliza para tratar la pelagra (junto con un producto de vitaminas del complejo B o de levadura)
  • La niacina tiene propiedades para reducir los LOS Neisseria lípidos, especialmente el colesterol total y el LDL:
    • No proporciona ninguna protección significativa contra las enfermedades cardiovasculares
    • Rara vez se utiliza porque existen medicamentos más modernos que son más eficaces para reducir los LOS Neisseria eventos cardiovasculares.

Toxicidad

  • No se observa con los LOS Neisseria alimentos que contienen niacina
  • A dosis farmacológicas (1 000–3 000 mg/día), los LOS Neisseria efectos secundarios incluyen:
    • Enrojecimiento
    • Hipotensión
    • Efectos gastrointestinales:
      • Náuseas
      • Vómitos
      • Estreñimiento
    • Prurito y urticaria Urticaria Urticaria is raised, well-circumscribed areas (wheals) of edema (swelling) and erythema (redness) involving the dermis and epidermis with associated pruritus (itch). Urticaria is not a single disease but rather is a reaction pattern representing cutaneous mast cell degranulation. Urticaria (Hives)
    • Visión borrosa y edema Edema Edema is a condition in which excess serous fluid accumulates in the body cavity or interstitial space of connective tissues. Edema is a symptom observed in several medical conditions. It can be categorized into 2 types, namely, peripheral (in the extremities) and internal (in an organ or body cavity). Edema macular
    • Alteración de la tolerancia a la glucosa y resistencia a la insulina
    • Hepatotoxicidad e insuficiencia hepática

Vitamina B5: Ácido Pantoténico

La vitamina B5 también se conoce como ácido pantoténico.

Funciones

La forma biológicamente activa de la vitamina B5 es la coenzima A (CoA):

  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum muchas reacciones de acetilación en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el organismo:
    • Ciclo de Krebs
    • Modificación de la histona
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la síntesis y/o degradación de:
    • Hidratos de carbono, proteínas, aminoácidos y ácidos grasos
    • Colesterol y esteroides
    • Heme A Heme A Part of complex IV of electron transport system. Heme Metabolism
    • Vitaminas A y D
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la activación e inactivación de muchas hormonas peptídicas, incluida la hormona adrenocorticotrópica (ACTH)

Absorción, metabolismo, transporte y almacenamiento

  • Alrededor del 85% del ácido pantoténico de la dieta está en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de CoA o fosfopanteteína → convertido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum ácido pantoténico por las enzimas digestivas del intestino
  • La flora intestinal también puede producir ácido pantoténico en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum cantidades desconocidas.
  • Se absorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino y llega a la sangre por transporte activo
  • Transportado por los LOS Neisseria eritrocitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todo el cuerpo
  • Se almacena en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria tejidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum forma de CoA y otras proteínas transportadoras

Necesidades diarias

  • Lactantes: 1,7–1,8 mg/día
  • Niños: aumenta de 2 mg/día a la edad de 1 a 4 mg/día a la edad de 13 años
  • Adultos: 5 mg, ligeramente superior durante el embarazo y la lactancia

Fuentes dietéticas

  • Hongos Shiitake
  • Semillas de girasol
  • Yemas de huevo
  • Menudencias (hígado y riñón)
  • Ternera y pollo
  • Brócoli
  • Lácteos
  • Cereales integrales
  • Cereales, panes y leche de fórmula enriquecidos

Relevancia clínica

  • Deficiencia:
    • Rara vez se observa debido a su amplia distribución en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria alimentos y, a su síntesis por parte de la flora intestinal, pero puede observarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum personas con desnutrición grave (e.g., durante la guerra o hambrunas)
    • Presenta parestesias y disestesias en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum manos y pies, lo que se conoce como síndrome de los LOS Neisseria pies ardientes
  • No se recomienda actualmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tratamiento de ninguna afección específica, salvo como parte de una dieta generalmente saludable
  • Síntomas de toxicidad: ninguno conocido

Vitamina B6: Piridoxina

La vitamina B6 es el nombre genérico de 6 compuestos, entre ellos la piridoxina, el piridoxal, la piridoxamina y sus ésteres de fosfato.

Funciones

El piridoxal 5′-fosfato y la piridoxamina 5′-fosfato son las formas activas de la vitamina B6 y tienen las siguientes funciones:

  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum muchos procesos metabólicos, sobre todo relacionados con el metabolismo de las proteínas
  • Necesario para la producción de eritrocitos
  • Se utiliza en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la glucogenólisis y la gluconeogénesis
  • Se utiliza en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el proceso de transaminación (conversión de aminoácidos esenciales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aminoácidos no esenciales)
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la producción de neurotransmisores
  • Cofactor para la producción de vitamina B3 (niacina)

Absorción, metabolismo, transporte y almacenamiento

  • Las formas fosforiladas de la vitamina se metabolizan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum vitamina B6 libre antes de ser absorbidas.
  • Se absorbe por difusión pasiva en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el yeyuno
  • Fosforilada a formas activas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado
  • No hay almacenamiento significativo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el cuerpo

Necesidades diarias

  • Lactantes: 0,1–0,3 mg/día
  • Niños de 1–8 años: 0,5–0,6 mg/día
  • Niños de 9–13 años: 1,0 mg/día
  • Adultos: 1,3–2,0 mg/día para adultos, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función del sexo, la edad y el estado de embarazo/lactancia

Fuentes dietéticas

Se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum una gran variedad de alimentos:

  • Garbanzos
  • Aves de corral
  • Pescado
  • Menudencias (e.g., hígado de vaca)
  • Cereales enriquecidos
  • Patatas y otras verduras con almidón
  • Plátanos

Deficiencia

  • Los LOS Neisseria pacientes con determinadas afecciones corren el riesgo de padecer una carencia de vitamina B6:
    • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum tratamiento con isoniazida para la tuberculosis Tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex bacteria. The bacteria usually attack the lungs but can also damage other parts of the body. Approximately 30% of people around the world are infected with this pathogen, with the majority harboring a latent infection. Tuberculosis spreads through the air when a person with active pulmonary infection coughs or sneezes. Tuberculosis
    • Deterioro de la función renal y/o diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus
    • Enfermedades autoinmunes, especialmente la artritis reumatoide
    • Afecciones de malabsorción: enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal, enfermedad celíaca
    • Abuso de alcohol
    • Embarazo
    • Cáncer de mama y linfoma de Hodgkin
  • Síntomas de deficiencia de piridoxina:
    • Estomatitis, queilitis y/o glositis
    • Dermatitis Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
    • Confusión, irritabilidad y/o depresión
    • Disminución de la inmunidad
    • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types microcítica

Usos terapéuticos y relevancia clínica

  • La vitamina B6 se recomienda como terapia de 1ra línea en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tratamiento de las náuseas y los LOS Neisseria vómitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el embarazo.
  • Los LOS Neisseria suplementos de vitamina B6 se han estudiado (pero no se recomiendan actualmente) para el tratamiento de:
    • Cáncer
    • Enfermedades cardiovasculares
    • Declive cognitivo

Toxicidad

La vitamina B6 se encuentra entre las únicas vitaminas hidrosolubles que pueden causar una toxicidad significativa si se toman en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum dosis elevadas.

  • No se encuentra debido a la ingesta regular Regular Insulin de alimentos
  • Los LOS Neisseria suplementos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum dosis altas pueden causar:
    • Neuropatía sensorial severa y progresiva
    • Ataxia Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. Ataxia-telangiectasia
    • Lesiones cutáneas dolorosas
    • Fotosensibilidad
    • Náuseas y ardor de estómago

Vitamina B7: Biotina

Funciones

Cofactor de varias carboxilasas que catalizan pasos críticos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el metabolismo de los LOS Neisseria ácidos grasos, la glucosa y los LOS Neisseria aminoácidos. La biotina interviene en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:

  • Modificación de la histona
  • Regulación genética
  • Señalización celular
  • Replicación celular
  • Síntesis de proteínas

Absorción, síntesis y almacenamiento

  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria alimentos, la biotina se une a las proteínas.
  • Liberado de las proteínas y convertido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum su forma libre por las enzimas gastrointestinales
  • También lo sintetizan los LOS Neisseria microbios intestinales
  • Se absorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado
  • Se almacena en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el hígado
  • Excreción:
    • El exceso de producción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino se excreta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las heces.
    • El exceso de biotina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el suero se elimina por la orina.

Necesidades diarias

  • Lactantes: 5–6 µg/día
  • Niños: 6–12 µg/día
  • Adolescentes: 20–25 µg/día
  • Adultos: 30 µg/día (35 µg/día durante la lactancia)

Fuentes dietéticas

  • Yema de huevo
  • Melaza/levadura
  • Productos de soja/legumbres
  • Hígado de ternera

Deficiencia

La deficiencia dietética es extremadamente rara.

  • Síntomas:
    • Adelgazamiento y pérdida de cabello ( en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todo el cuerpo)
    • Dermatitis Dermatitis Any inflammation of the skin. Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)
    • Conjuntivitis
    • Uñas quebradizas
    • Síntomas neurológicos:
      • Letargo
      • Parestesias
      • Alteración del estado mental
      • Alucinaciones
  • La deficiencia de biotina puede ocurrir en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Alcoholismo crónico
    • Mujeres embarazadas y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum periodo de lactancia
    • Afecciones genéticas raras relacionadas con el procesamiento de la biotina

Relevancia clínica

  • Síntomas de toxicidad: ninguno conocido
  • Altas dosis de suplementos de biotina pueden interferir con los LOS Neisseria ensayos de laboratorio para:
    • Pruebas de la función tiroidea
    • Ferritina
    • Troponina
    • Niveles de digoxina
    • Testosterona
    • Progesterona
    • Péptido natriurético cerebral ( BNP BNP A peptide that is secreted by the brain and the heart atria, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular myocardium. It can cause natriuresis; diuresis; vasodilation; and inhibits secretion of renin and aldosterone. It improves heart function. It contains 32 amino acids. Renal Sodium and Water Regulation, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
  • Los LOS Neisseria pacientes deben abstenerse de tomar suplementos de biotina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum dosis altas (promocionados como vitaminas para el cabello, la piel y las uñas) durante 3–4 días antes de las pruebas de laboratorio.

Vitamina C: Ácido Ascórbico

La vitamina C es un importante antioxidante y es fundamental en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cicatrización de heridas y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la síntesis de colágeno, entre sus muchas funciones. La deficiencia de vitamina C causa la afección clínica del escorbuto.

Funciones

  • Se requiere para la síntesis de:
    • Colágeno → esencial para la curación de heridas y el tejido conectivo
    • Neurotransmisores
    • Carnitina
  • Tiene propiedades antioxidantes, junto con las vitaminas A y E
  • Mejora la absorción del hierro de la dieta
  • Es un cofactor en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la reducción del folato a dihidrofolato y tetrahidrofolato
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum muchos otros procesos fisiológicos:
    • Metabolismo de las proteínas
    • Transporte de ácidos grasos
    • Función inmunitaria

Absorción, transporte y almacenamiento

  • Se absorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intestino delgado distal a través de un transportador activo
  • Los LOS Neisseria niveles en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum sangre se regulan mediante la excreción renal del exceso de vitamina C en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina.
  • Algunos almacenamientos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las glándulas suprarrenales, el cerebro y los LOS Neisseria ojos

Necesidades diarias

  • Lactantes: 45–50 mg/día
  • Niños de 1–13 años: 15–45 mg/día
  • Personas ≥ 14 años de edad: 65–90 mg/día en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum función de la edad, el sexo y el estado de embarazo
  • Mujeres lactando: 115–120 mg/día

Fuentes dietéticas

  • Cítricos
  • Otras frutas:
    • Kiwi
    • Fresas
    • Melón
  • Verduras:
    • Pimientos rojos y verdes
    • Col
    • Coles de Bruselas
    • Brócoli
    • Coliflor
    • Patatas
    • Tomates

Deficiencia: escorbuto

La deficiencia de vitamina C conduce a la afección clínica llamada escorbuto y puede verse tan pronto como 1–3 meses con poca o ninguna ingesta.

  • Síntomas:
    • Retraso en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cicatrización de la herida
    • Petequias, púrpura y equimosis
    • Gingivitis Gingivitis Inflammation of gum tissue (gingiva) without loss of connective tissue. Chédiak-Higashi Syndrome con sangrado y dientes flojos
    • Artralgias
    • Hiperqueratosis folicular
    • Anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types ferropénica debida a una absorción de hierro ↓
  • Poblaciones de riesgo:
    • Ingesta insuficiente de frutas y verduras:
      • Trastornos por abuso de drogas o alcohol
      • Pobreza
      • Personas institucionalizadas
      • Pacientes con enfermedades crónicas
    • Los LOS Neisseria fumadores de cigarrillos tienen niveles más bajos de vitamina C (debido al AL Amyloidosis ↑ estrés oxidativo) → requieren una mayor ingesta
Niño con deficiencia de vitamina C

Niño con deficiencia de vitamina C:
A: Contracturas y equimosis
B: Hiperqueratosis y púrpura folicular con pelos en sacacorchos (flecha)
C: Gingivitis hemorrágica y excoriaciones neuróticas (flecha)

Imagen: “Childhood scurvy: an unusual cause of refusal to walk in a child” por Alqanatish JT, Alqahtani F, Alsewairi WM, Al-kenaizan S. Licencia: CC BY 4.0

Usos terapéuticos y relevancia clínica

  • El único uso terapéutico de la vitamina C es el tratamiento del escorbuto.
  • Síntomas de toxicidad (debidos al AL Amyloidosis exceso de suplementos, no a la ingesta dietética):

Related videos

1:41
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Referencias

  1. Jahan-Mihan, A., Hadid, C., Nikbakhtzadeh, S., & Benelli, R. (2024). The role of water-soluble vitamins and vitamin D in prevention and treatment of depression and seasonal affective disorder in adults. Nutrients, 16(12), 1902. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121902
  2. Li, X., Wang, J., Chen, Y., & Liu, Z. (2025). Recent advances in detection techniques for vitamin analysis: A comprehensive review. Food Chemistry: X, 26, 102226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102226
  3. Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2021). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (8th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company.
  4. Paparella, R., Marciano, F., Traversa, G., Rinaldi, L., & Giordano, P. (2025). Water-soluble vitamins: Hypo- and hypervitaminosis in pediatric population. Pharmaceutics, 17(1), 118. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17010118
  5. UpToDate. (n.d.). Overview of water-soluble vitamins. Retrieved May 20, 2025, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-water-soluble-vitamins
  6. Vitamin – B complex, C, deficiency | Britannica. (n.d.). Retrieved May 20, 2025, from https://www.britannica.com/science/vitamin/The-water-soluble-vitamins
  7. Zhang, M., Li, Y., Zhou, X., & Wang, H. (2025). Rapid determination of water-soluble vitamins in human serum by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. ACS Omega, 10(1), 885-891. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c07968

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