Linfocitos: Histología

Descripción General

Definiciones y descripción

Los LOS Neisseria linfocitos son células sanguíneas que participan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la respuesta inmunitaria y que surgen del progenitor linfoide común.

• Descripción:
  • 30% de los LOS Neisseria leucocitos circulantes
  • Células esféricas y/u ovoides
  • Diámetro: 6–15 μm
  • Vida útil: de semanas a años
• Pertenecen a un grupo heterogéneo de células llamadas leucocitos, que se dividen de la siguiente manera
  • Granulocitos: derivados del progenitor mieloide
  • Agranulocitos: incluye linfocitos (del progenitor linfoide) y monocitos (del progenitor mieloide)
• Tipos de linfocitos y función:
  • Linfocitos B, o células B (derivadas de la bursa): inmunidad adaptativa humoral
  • Linfocitos T, o células T (derivadas del timo): inmunidad adaptativa celular
  • Células asesinas naturales: inmunidad innata con cierta respuesta inmunitaria adaptativa:
    • Un papel importante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la defensa del huésped de las células tumorales, las células infectadas por virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology y otras proteínas atípicas, “no propias”
    • 5%–20% de los LOS Neisseria linfocitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre periférica
• Tejidos linfoides implicados:
  • Primario: participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la generación inicial de linfocitos B y T:
    • Médula ósea
    • Timo
  • Secundario:
    • Ganglios linfáticos
    • Bazo
    • Amígdalas
    • Agregados de tejido linfoide en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tracto gastrointestinal y respiratorio

Estructura

• Dificultad para distinguir los LOS Neisseria tipos de linfocitos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la microscopía
• Núcleo:
  • Forma ovoide o de riñón con cromatina nuclear densamente empaquetada
  • Ocupa aproximadamente el 90% de la célula (alta proporción entre el núcleo y el citoplasma)
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el citoplasma azul pálido:
  • Ribosomas libres
  • Lisosomas
  • Retículo endoplásmico de superficie rugosa
  • Golgi
  • Las mitocondrias y los LOS Neisseria centríolos son adyacentes a la membrana.
• Las proteínas del citoesqueleto incluyen la tubulina, miosina y actina (entre otras) organizadas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum microtúbulos y microfilamentos.
• Los LOS Neisseria linfocitos T citotóxicos y las células asesinas naturales tienen abundantes gránulos citoplasmáticos:
  • Perforina: enzima proteolítica formadora de poros
  • Granzimas: proteinasas de serina que facilitan la apoptosis Apoptosis A regulated cell death mechanism characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, including the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA, at regularly spaced, internucleosomal sites, I.e., DNA fragmentation. It is genetically-programmed and serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. Ischemic Cell Damage (almacenadas como proenzimas inactivas)
  • Serpinas (inhibidores de la serina-proteínasa): impiden la autolisis de los LOS Neisseria gránulos

Linfopoyesis

Producción de linfocitos

• Hematopoyesis:
  • Del 1er al AL Amyloidosis 2do mes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el útero: mesodermo del saco vitelino
  • Al AL Amyloidosis 2do mes: se desplaza al AL Amyloidosis hígado (y al AL Amyloidosis bazo)
  • Al AL Amyloidosis 5to mes: se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la médula ósea, convirtiéndose en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la fuente predominante de células sanguíneas
• La linfopoyesis comienza con las células madre hematopoyéticas multipotenciales de la médula ósea.
• Células madre hematopoyéticas → células progenitoras multipotenciales → progenitores linfoides comunes (se convierten en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum células T, células B y células asesinas naturales):
  • Linfocitos B → órganos linfoides periféricos
  • Los LOS Neisseria linfocitos migran al AL Amyloidosis timo → linfocitos T → órganos linfoides periféricos:
    • El timo mantiene la producción de células T hasta la pubertad.
    • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la pubertad, el timo sufre una involución → ↓ masa de tejido linfoide y ↓ producción de células T
  • Células asesinas naturales → órganos linfoides periféricos

Regulación

Células B

Desarrollo

• Comienza en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la médula ósea: células madre hematopoyéticas → progenitores linfoides comunes
• Para producir una célula B funcional y madura a partir del progenitor linfoide común:
  • Expresión de la molécula inmunoglobulina de la superficie celular (parte del receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors de células B)
  • El ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) de la línea germinal no tiene los LOS Neisseria genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure completos para codificar una molécula de inmunoglobulina completa.
  • Los LOS Neisseria reordenamientos genéticos (unión de diferentes segmentos de genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure) dentro de las células B son necesarios para ensamblar la molécula de inmunoglobulina.
  • El proceso también produce un repertorio de células B diversas, creando una protección contra diferentes tipos de infecciones.

• Molécula de superficie celular (inmunoglobulina):
  • Tiene cadenas pesadas (μ, δ, γ, α, o ε) unidas por disulfuro a las cadenas ligeras (κ o λ)
  • Los LOS Neisseria genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure de la cadena pesada (que se encuentran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum un único locus Locus Specific regions that are mapped within a genome. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of chromosome 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or hereditary disease. Basic Terms of Genetics genético, el IGH), se ensamblan a partir de 4 segmentos genéticos:
    • Región variable Variable Variables represent information about something that can change. The design of the measurement scales, or of the methods for obtaining information, will determine the data gathered and the characteristics of that data. As a result, a variable can be qualitative or quantitative, and may be further classified into subgroups. Types of Variables (V)
    • Segmento de diversidad (D)
    • Región de unión (J)
    • Región constante (C)
  • Los LOS Neisseria genes Genes A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. DNA Types and Structure de la cadena ligera (que se encuentran como dos loci génicos separados -el locus Locus Specific regions that are mapped within a genome. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of chromosome 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or hereditary disease. Basic Terms of Genetics κ [IGK] y el locus Locus Specific regions that are mapped within a genome. Genetic loci are usually identified with a shorthand notation that indicates the chromosome number and the position of a specific band along the P or Q arm of the chromosome where they are found. For example the locus 6p21 is found within band 21 of the P-arm of chromosome 6. Many well known genetic loci are also known by common names that are associated with a genetic function or hereditary disease. Basic Terms of Genetics λ [IGL]) provienen de 3 segmentos génicos:
    • Región variable Variable Variables represent information about something that can change. The design of the measurement scales, or of the methods for obtaining information, will determine the data gathered and the characteristics of that data. As a result, a variable can be qualitative or quantitative, and may be further classified into subgroups. Types of Variables (V)
    • Región de unión (J)
    • Región constante (C)

Etapas

Para alcanzar la funcionalidad, la célula B pasa por etapas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la médula ósea y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria órganos linfoides secundarios.

• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las etapas iniciales que se producen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la médula ósea, el objetivo es construir el receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors (que no requiere ningún antígeno).
• Cuando se libera en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria órganos linfoides secundarios, un antígeno (con o sin ayuda de las células T) activará la célula B para continuar el proceso de maduración.

Células T

Desarrollo

• Células madre hematopoyéticas → progenitores linfoides comunes → células progenitoras tímicas tempranas → timo
• Las células T en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum desarrollo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el timo se denominan timocitos.
• Los LOS Neisseria reordenamientos genéticos forman el receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors de células T:
  • La mayoría de las células T contienen cadenas ɑ y β y los LOS Neisseria coreceptores CD4 o CD8.
  • Las células T restantes contienen cadenas ɣ y δ.
  • Receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors de célula T + CD3 CD3 Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor. The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor. T cells: Types and Functions forman el complejo TCR TCR Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens. Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta or gamma-delta chains. Adaptive Cell-mediated Immunity.
  • CD3 CD3 Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor. The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor. T cells: Types and Functions: El marcador más utilizado para identificar las células T.

Etapas

Para alcanzar la funcionalidad, la célula T pasa por etapas, liberándose de la médula ósea como células progenitoras para continuar su desarrollo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el timo.

• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las etapas iniciales, el objetivo es construir el receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors (que no requiere ningún antígeno).
• A continuación, se dan otros pasos para activar la célula T (con un antígeno) y para diferenciarse en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum célula T colaboradora o célula T citotóxica.

Células Asesinas Naturales

• Células madre hematopoyéticas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la médula ósea → progenitores linfoides comunes → linfoblastos → prolinfocitos → células asesinas naturales
• Producción estimulada por la interleuquina-15 (IL-15)
• Se activan por la exposición a células infectadas por virus Virus Viruses are infectious, obligate intracellular parasites composed of a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein capsid. Viruses can be either naked (non-enveloped) or enveloped. The classification of viruses is complex and based on many factors, including type and structure of the nucleoid and capsid, the presence of an envelope, the replication cycle, and the host range. Virology o células con patrones anormales de expresión de antígenos de superficie (células cancerosas)
• También participan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la citotoxicidad mediada por células dependientes de anticuerpos

Relevancia Clínica

• Linfoma de Hodgkin: neoplasia de los LOS Neisseria linfocitos B que se originan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria ganglios linfáticos. El hallazgo patognomónico es una célula de Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg (una célula B gigante multinucleada con inclusiones eosinófilas). La enfermedad se presenta más comúnmente con linfadenopatía, sudores nocturnos, pérdida de peso y fiebre. Puede haber esplenomegalia o hepatomegalia. Las pruebas de diagnóstico incluyen el análisis histológico de los LOS Neisseria ganglios linfáticos para mostrar las células de Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg, análisis de sangre y estudios de imagenología.
• Linfoma no Hodgkin: un grupo diverso de neoplasias malignas que se originan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células B, en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células T o (raramente) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células asesinas naturales. Dos tercios de los LOS Neisseria linfomas no Hodgkin afectan a los LOS Neisseria ganglios linfáticos; el resto son extraganglionares. El linfoma no Hodgkin afecta a todas las edades. Los LOS Neisseria linfomas no Hodgkin de células B incluyen el linfoma de Burkitt, linfoma difuso de células B grandes, linfoma de células del manto y linfoma de la zona marginal. Los LOS Neisseria linfomas no Hodgkin de células T incluyen el linfoma de células T del adulto y la micosis fungoide. Los LOS Neisseria signos y síntomas más comunes son fiebre, pérdida de peso, sudores nocturnos, linfadenopatía y hepatoesplenomegalia.
• Leucemia linfoblástica aguda: la forma más común de cáncer que afecta a los LOS Neisseria niños. La leucemia linfoblástica aguda se caracteriza por la proliferación incontrolada de células precursoras linfoides (aumento de linfoblastos). La médula normal es sustituida por linfoblastos, que pasan a la circulación y se infiltran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum otros órganos. Los LOS Neisseria signos y síntomas están relacionados con anemia Anemia Anemia is a condition in which individuals have low Hb levels, which can arise from various causes. Anemia is accompanied by a reduced number of RBCs and may manifest with fatigue, shortness of breath, pallor, and weakness. Subtypes are classified by the size of RBCs, chronicity, and etiology. Anemia: Overview and Types, trombocitopenia y falta de leucocitos funcionales. El frotis de sangre periférica y la biopsia de médula ósea identifican linfoblastos. Los LOS Neisseria estudios inmunofenotípicos, histoquímicos y genéticos ayudan al AL Amyloidosis diagnóstico y al AL Amyloidosis tratamiento.
• Leucemia linfocítica crónica: cáncer de la sangre y de la médula ósea de crecimiento lento caracterizado por una producción excesiva de linfocitos monoclonales B en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la sangre periférica. Cuando la afectación es principalmente ganglionar, la enfermedad se denomina linfoma linfocítico pequeño. La enfermedad suele presentarse de forma asintomática en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria adultos mayores. El diagnóstico se realiza a partir de una linfocitosis anormal en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las pruebas de laboratorio. Las células B son linfocitos funcionalmente incompetentes, lo que puede dar lugar a infecciones recurrentes.
• Mieloma múltiple: afección maligna de las células plasmáticas (linfocitos B activados). La proliferación monoclonal de células plasmáticas da lugar a una secreción excesiva de anticuerpos IgG IgG The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of igg, for example, igg1, igg2a, and igg2b. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis y a una actividad osteoclástica impulsada por las citoquinas (dolores óseos, fracturas patológicas y alteraciones metabólicas). La secreción excesiva de anticuerpos provoca proteinuria Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of kidney diseases. Nephrotic Syndrome in Children, daño renal y producción/deposición tisular de fibrillas amiloides. El diagnóstico se realiza mediante electroforesis de plasma Plasma The residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation. Transfusion Products y biopsia de médula ósea.