Sistema Tubular

Descripción General de la Fisiología

Anatomía

El sistema tubular se compone de:

• Túbulo proximal:
  • Túbulo contorneado proximal
  • Túbulo recto proximal
• Asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle:
  • Porción delgada descendente
  • Porción delgada ascendente
  • Porción gruesa ascendente
• Túbulo contorneado distal
• Conductos colectores

Vías de transporte epitelial de solutos

• Paracelular: transporte pasivo entre células
• Transcelular: transporte a través de las células; puede ser activo o pasivo

ATPasa de sodio/potasio

• Situada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cara basolateral de las células tubulares
• Transporta:
  • 3 sodios (Na⁺) fuera de la célula
  • 2 potasios (K⁺) hacia dentro de la célula
• Crea un gradiente de concentración de Na⁺ y un gradiente de voltaje:
  • El lumen del túbulo se vuelve electronegativo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado proximal temprano (sin embargo, la electronegatividad cambia a medida que las sustancias se absorben en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum toda la nefrona).
  • Los LOS Neisseria mecanismos de transporte activo y pasivo dependen de estos gradientes.

Métodos de transporte de agua

• Paracelular:
  • El agua se desplaza a través de las uniones estrechas epiteliales (subtipo “permeable” de las uniones estrechas).
  • El movimiento del agua está dictado por la osmolaridad (ósmosis).
• Transcelular:
  • El agua se desplaza por la célula a través de canales específicos conocidos como acuaporinas.
  • Las acuaporinas se encuentran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum:
    • Túbulo proximal
    • Porción delgada descendente del asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle
    • Conducto colector
• Arrastre por solventes:
  • Algunos solutos son “arrastrados” por el movimiento del agua.
  • Los LOS Neisseria solutos se mueven a través de corrientes convectivas creadas por el movimiento del agua.

Transporte máximo

• La capacidad de reabsorción de cualquier sustancia es limitada.
• Una vez superado, se pierden sustancias adicionales en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina.
• También se denomina “umbral renal” de reabsorción
• Por ejemplo, la glucosa:
  • Tiene un transporte máximo (T_m) de 375 mg/min
  • A este ritmo, los LOS Neisseria riñones pueden reabsorber el 100% de la glucosa filtrada hasta una concentración de glucosa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum plasma Plasma The residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation. Transfusion Products de aproximadamente 180 mg/dL.
  • Cuando la glucosa plasmática supera los LOS Neisseria 180 mg/dL:
    • Los LOS Neisseria riñones ya no son capaces de reabsorber el 100% de la glucosa filtrada.
    • El exceso de glucosa se pierde en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina (“ glucosuria Glucosuria Diabetes Mellitus”).

Absorción capilar peritubular

La reabsorción capilar peritubular difiere de la reabsorción capilar regular Regular Insulin para maximizar la reabsorción de sustancias de vuelta al AL Amyloidosis torrente sanguíneo.

• Los LOS Neisseria capilares regulares filtran a lo largo de su primera mitad y reabsorben a lo largo de su segunda mitad:
  • Mitad arterial: mayor presión hidrostática capilar y menor presión oncótica → filtración
  • Mitad venosa: menor presión hidrostática capilar y mayor presión oncótica → reabsorción
• Los LOS Neisseria capilares peritubulares reabsorben líquido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum toda su longitud:
  • Menor presión hidrostática capilar y mayor presión oncótica capilar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum toda su longitud
  • No hay área de filtración

Túbulo Proximal: Reabsorción de Iones

La filtración glomerular es un proceso muy inespecífico, que da lugar a la filtración de grandes cantidades de sustancias importantes que el organismo necesita retener (e.g., Na⁺, bicarbonato (HCO₃^–)). La función principal del túbulo proximal es reabsorber la mayor cantidad posible de estas sustancias. Posteriormente, los LOS Neisseria otros segmentos de la nefrona afinan la composición de la orina.

Anatomía del túbulo proximal

• Se divide en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum 2 partes: el túbulo contorneado proximal y el túbulo recto proximal
  • Túbulo contorneado proximal: lugar principal de reabsorción del túbulo proximal
  • Túbulo recto proximal: importante para la secreción en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal
• Las células del borde de cepillo recubren el lumen del túbulo para aumentar la superficie de reabsorción.
• La Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa se localiza en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cara basolateral de las células epiteliales.

Reabsorción de sodio en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal

• Acoplado a la reabsorción de otras sustancias a través de cotransportadores:
  • Glucosa
  • Aminoácidos
  • Fosfato
  • Ácidos orgánicos
• Alimentado por el gradiente de Na⁺ generado por la Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa basolateral:
  • Baja concentración intracelular de Na⁺
  • Alta concentración de Na⁺ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lumen del túbulo y en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el espacio intersticial de la cara basolateral
• La reabsorción de Na⁺ impulsa la reabsorción paracelular de agua:
  • El Na⁺ y el agua se reabsorben a la misma velocidad.
  • La reabsorción de Na⁺ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal es isotónica con respecto al AL Amyloidosis plasma Plasma The residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation. Transfusion Products.
• Eficiencia: aproximadamente ⅔ del agua filtrada y del Na⁺ se reabsorben en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal.

Reabsorción de cloruro (Cl^–) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal

• La mayor parte del Cl^– filtrado se reabsorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal.
• El transporte es principalmente paracelular.
• Impulsado por el gradiente de voltaje en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal temprano generado por la Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa:
  • El Cl^– es repelido por el lumen tubular electronegativo.
  • El Cl^– es atraído al AL Amyloidosis intersticio basolateral electropositivo.

Reabsorción de potasio, calcio (Ca2⁺) y magnesio (Mg2⁺) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal

• Túbulo proximal temprano: reabsorción paracelular por arrastre de solvente
• Túbulo proximal tardío: paracelular vía gradiente de voltaje
  • Debido a la reabsorción de Cl^– en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal temprano, la polaridad en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal tardío se invierte.
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal tardío, el lumen del túbulo se vuelve más electropositivo y el intersticio basolateral se vuelve más electronegativo.
• Eficiencia:
  • El 80% del K⁺ filtrado se reabsorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal.
  • El 65% del Ca2⁺ filtrado se reabsorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal.
  • El 15% del Mg2⁺ filtrado se reabsorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal.

Reabsorción de bicarbonato en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal

La reabsorción de HCO₃^– requiere un mecanismo más complejo:

• El intercambiador de iones sodio-3 hidrógenos ( NHE3 NHE3 A sodium-hydrogen antiporter expressed primarily by epithelial cells in the kidneys, it localizes to the apical membrane of the proximal kidney tubule, where it functions in sodium and water reabsorption and possibly calcium homeostasis. It also is expressed in heart, brain, and lung tissues and is resistant to amiloride inhibition. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors) reabsorbe Na⁺ y secreta H⁺.
• El H⁺ secretado se combina con el HCO₃^– filtrado para formar ácido carbónico (H₂CO₃) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lumen tubular.
• El H₂CO₃ es convertido en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum H₂O y CO₂ por la anhidrasa carbónica apical-IV.
• El CO₂ se difunde libremente a través de la membrana apical de vuelta a la célula.
• La anhidrasa carbónica intracelular II convierte el CO₂ y el H₂O de nuevo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum H₂CO₃.
• El H₂CO₃ se disocia entonces en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum H⁺ y HCO₃^–:
  • El H⁺ se recicla a través del proceso mediante la secreción de NHE3 NHE3 A sodium-hydrogen antiporter expressed primarily by epithelial cells in the kidneys, it localizes to the apical membrane of the proximal kidney tubule, where it functions in sodium and water reabsorption and possibly calcium homeostasis. It also is expressed in heart, brain, and lung tissues and is resistant to amiloride inhibition. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors.
  • El HCO₃^– se absorbe a través de la membrana basolateral vía:
    • Cotransportador Na⁺-HCO₃^–
    • Intercambiador HCO₃^–-Cl^–
• Efectos netos de todo el proceso:
  • Excreción de H⁺
  • Absorción de HCO₃^–
• Eficiencia: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum circunstancias normales, el 80% del HCO₃^– filtrado se reabsorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal.

Reabsorción de fosfato (PO₄^3-) en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal

• La reabsorción de PO₄^3- está regulada por la hormona paratiroidea (PTH, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés): la PTH inhibe la reabsorción de PO₄^3-.
• ↓ PTH → ↑ reabsorción de PO₄^3-:
  • En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el escenario de ↓ PTH, los LOS Neisseria cotransportadores Na⁺/PO₄^3- (que transportan 3 Na⁺ y 1 PO₄^3-) se expresan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana apical
  • El PO₄^3- se mueve a través de la célula y es transportado a través de la membrana basolateral mediante un transportador desconocido.
• ↑ PTH → ↓ reabsorción de PO₄^3-:
  • La PTH se une a un receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors de PTH basolateral de la célula del túbulo proximal.
  • Los LOS Neisseria cotransportadores de Na+/PO₄^3- están regulados negativamente.

Túbulo Proximal: Reabsorción de Macromoléculas

Reabsorción de glucosa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal

• Transportadores apicales: transportador ligado a la sodio-glucosa (SGLT, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)2 y SGLT1
  • Transportador SGLT2:
    • 1 Na⁺ y 1 glucosa entran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la célula.
    • Responsable de la mayor parte de la reabsorción de glucosa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal
  • Transportador SGLT1:
    • 2 Na⁺ y 1 glucosa entran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la célula.
    • Responsable de la reabsorción de la glucosa que no es captada por el SGLT2
    • Menor capacidad pero mayor afinidad por la glucosa que el SGLT2
  • Ambos son alimentados por el gradiente de concentración de Na⁺ creado por la Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa basolateral.
• Transportadores basolaterales: transportador de glucosa ( GLUT GLUT Tubular System, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)2 y GLUT1
  • La glucosa sale de la célula y pasa al AL Amyloidosis intersticio a través de los LOS Neisseria GLUT GLUT Tubular System.
  • GLUT2 GLUT2 A glucose transport facilitator that is expressed primarily in pancreatic beta cells; liver; and kidneys. It may function as a glucose sensor to regulate insulin release and glucose homeostasis. Digestion and Absorption está emparejado con SGLT2, y GLUT1 está emparejado con SGLT1.
• Eficiencia: en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum circunstancias normales, el 100% de la glucosa se reabsorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el primer 25% del túbulo proximal.

Reabsorción de péptidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal

• Proteínas apicales del túbulo proximal temprano:
  • PepT1 PepT1 A proton-coupled symporter that transports oligopeptides and dipeptides. It localizes to the brush-border membrane of the intestinal epithelium and plays a critical role in the assimilation of dietary proteins. Tubular System: cotransportador de H⁺/péptidos responsable de la mayor parte de la reabsorción de péptidos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal
  • Peptidasa: enzima unida a la membrana
    • Situada en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el segmento inicial del túbulo proximal
    • Descompone los LOS Neisseria tripéptidos más grandes dentro del lumen del túbulo
    • Los LOS Neisseria péptidos más pequeños descompuestos pueden entonces entrar a través de PepT1 PepT1 A proton-coupled symporter that transports oligopeptides and dipeptides. It localizes to the brush-border membrane of the intestinal epithelium and plays a critical role in the assimilation of dietary proteins. Tubular System.
• Proteínas apicales del túbulo proximal tardío:
  • PepT2 PepT2 Tubular System: cotransportador de H⁺/péptidos responsable de reabsorber los LOS Neisseria péptidos no capturados por PepT1 PepT1 A proton-coupled symporter that transports oligopeptides and dipeptides. It localizes to the brush-border membrane of the intestinal epithelium and plays a critical role in the assimilation of dietary proteins. Tubular System
  • Receptores de megalina y cubilina:
    • Se unen y endocitan pequeñas proteínas
    • Las vacuolas endocitadas se unen a la membrana basolateral y liberan su contenido.
• Los LOS Neisseria péptidos son digeridos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum aminoácidos por las proteasas dentro de la célula.
• Los LOS Neisseria aminoácidos salen de la célula a través de transportadores en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la membrana basolateral.
• Eficiencia:
  • El 100% se reabsorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el primer 25% del túbulo proximal.
  • Se puede superar el umbral renal de reabsorción → “ proteinuria Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of kidney diseases. Nephrotic Syndrome in Children por desbordamiento”

Reabsorción de aminoácidos

• Reabsorción apical:
  • Aminoácidos aniónicos (ácidos) o catiónicos (básicos): varios intercambiadores de iones
  • Aminoácidos neutros: por cotransporte de Na⁺ o H⁺
• Reabsorción basolateral:
  • Aminoácidos aromáticos: mediante difusión facilitada
  • Aminoácidos catiónicos (básicos) y neutros: por cotransporte de Na⁺

Túbulo Proximal: Secreción

La secreción se produce principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo recto proximal (i.e., túbulo proximal tardío) y permite la eliminación de sustancias endógenas y exógenas, como toxinas y medicamentos.

Aniones orgánicos

• Los LOS Neisseria aniones orgánicos ( OA OA Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, and is due to cartilage destruction and changes of the subchondral bone. The risk of developing this disorder increases with age, obesity, and repetitive joint use or trauma. Patients develop gradual joint pain, stiffness lasting < 30 minutes, and decreased range of motion. Osteoarthritis^–, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) se trasladan desde la cara basolateral al AL Amyloidosis interior de las células mediante transportadores de aniones orgánicos (OAT, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés).
• Transportados al AL Amyloidosis lumen del túbulo por 2 proteínas:
  • Transportador multirresistente a medicamentos ( MRP2 MRP2 Tubular System, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
  • Intercambiador OAT4
• Ejemplos de OA OA Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, and is due to cartilage destruction and changes of the subchondral bone. The risk of developing this disorder increases with age, obesity, and repetitive joint use or trauma. Patients develop gradual joint pain, stiffness lasting < 30 minutes, and decreased range of motion. Osteoarthritis^– secretados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal: sales biliares, urato, ciertos medicamentos (véase la tabla siguiente)

Cationes orgánicos

• Los LOS Neisseria cationes orgánicos (OC⁺, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) se mueven desde la cara basolateral hacia el interior de las células mediante transportadores de cationes orgánicos ( OCT OCT Macular Degeneration, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés).
• Transportados al AL Amyloidosis lumen del túbulo por 2 proteínas:
  • Transportador multirresistente a medicamentos (MDR1, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
  • Intercambiador de transportadores de cationes orgánicos nuevo (OCTN, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés)
• Ejemplos: creatinina, dopamina, determinados medicamentos (véase la tabla siguiente)

Iones orgánicos secretados por el túbulo proximal

Asa de Henle

El asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle es un segmento complejo de la nefrona con 2 objetivos principales: mantener el gradiente corticomedular y reabsorber cantidades moderadas de Na⁺ y agua. Estos 2 procesos están vinculados a través del sistema multiplicador de contracorriente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las porciones delgadas, y la absorción adicional de Na⁺ se produce a través del transporte activo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la porción gruesa ascendente.

Anatomía del asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle

• Porción delgada descendente
• Giro en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum horquilla
• Porción delgada ascendente
• Porción gruesa ascendente

Gradiente corticomedular

• La osmolalidad del intersticio renal oscila entre aproximadamente 300 mOsm/kg en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la corteza y aproximadamente 1200 mOsm/kg en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la médula interna.
• Este gradiente es necesario para el control dinámico de la reabsorción de agua más adelante en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el conducto colector.
• El gradiente se establece y se mantiene por el movimiento pasivo del fluido y los LOS Neisseria solutos según la teoría del multiplicador de contracorriente.

Teoría del multiplicador de contracorriente

La teoría del multiplicador de contracorriente explica cómo el movimiento de fluidos y solutos crea un gradiente corticomedular significativo. Este proceso se produce principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las porciones delgadas del asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle y a través del reciclaje de la urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle.

Dentro de las porciones delgadas del asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle:

• Porción delgada descendente:
  • Permeable solo al AL Amyloidosis agua y no a los LOS Neisseria solutos
  • Cantidades crecientes de agua salen de los LOS Neisseria túbulos a medida que el líquido tubular desciende a través de zonas del intersticio con una osmolalidad cada vez más alta (lo que se conoce como “desplazamiento de líquido”).
  • El líquido de los LOS Neisseria túbulos se concentra.
• Porción delgada ascendente:
  • Permeable solo a los LOS Neisseria solutos (por transporte pasivo) y no al AL Amyloidosis agua
  • Cantidades crecientes de solutos salen del túbulo a medida que el líquido tubular asciende a través de zonas del intersticio con osmolalidad decreciente (lo que se conoce como “efecto único”).
  • El líquido tubular vuelve a ser casi isotónico al AL Amyloidosis final de la porción delgada ascendente.
• La repetición del “desplazamiento de líquido” seguido de un “efecto único” una y otra vez genera y mantiene el gradiente corticomedular.

Reciclaje de urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle:

• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal: aproximadamente el 50% de la urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle se reabsorbe a través del transporte paracelular.
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle:
  • Aproximadamente el 50% de la urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle vuelve a entrar en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo (secreción pasiva).
  • Aproximadamente el 30% se reabsorbe.
• En EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el conducto colector:
  • Aproximadamente el 50% de la urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle se reabsorbe a través del transportador apical UT-A1 y del transportador basolateral UT.
  • La hormona antidiurética regula positivamente la expresión apical de UT-A1 → ↑ reabsorción de urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle
• La urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle reabsorbida en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el intersticio contribuye al AL Amyloidosis gradiente corticomedular.
• Al AL Amyloidosis final, el 60% de la urea Urea A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. Urea Cycle filtrada se retiene para este fin y el 40% se excreta.

Porción gruesa ascendente

El cotransportador de Na-K-2Cl ( NKCC2 NKCC2 Renal Potassium Regulation) es la proteína de transporte clave en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la porción gruesa ascendente.

• NKCC2 NKCC2 Renal Potassium Regulation transporta lo siguiente al AL Amyloidosis interior de la célula desde el lumen del túbulo:
  • 1 Na⁺ (sale por la cara basolateral a través de la Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa)
  • 1 K⁺ (puede salir por la cara apical y/o basolateral a través de canal ROMK)
  • 2 Cl^– (salen por la cara basolateral a través de canales de Cl^–, principalmente el canal ClC-Kb)
• Genera un gradiente eléctrico: el efecto neto de NKCC2 NKCC2 Renal Potassium Regulation es de 2 Cl- y 1 Na+ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la cara basolateral:
  • El K⁺ se recicla en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el fluido tubular a través de los LOS Neisseria canales ROMK (para facilitar una mayor función de NKCC2 NKCC2 Renal Potassium Regulation).
  • La cara basolateral se vuelve más electronegativa debido al AL Amyloidosis Cl^– no emparejado.
  • Importante para impulsar el transporte paracelular de cationes
• Contribuye al AL Amyloidosis gradiente osmótico entre el líquido tubular y el intersticio:
  • El agua no sigue a los LOS Neisseria solutos (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^–) hacia el intersticio.
  • El líquido de los LOS Neisseria túbulos (i.e., orina) se vuelve hipotónico con respecto al AL Amyloidosis plasma Plasma The residual portion of blood that is left after removal of blood cells by centrifugation without prior blood coagulation. Transfusion Products (“segmento de dilución”).
• Sitio de acción de los LOS Neisseria diuréticos de asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome (furosemida, torsemida, bumetanida):
  • Inhiben la NKCC2 NKCC2 Renal Potassium Regulation → más Na⁺, K⁺ y Cl^– permanecen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lumen
  • El aumento de Na⁺ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lumen del túbulo obliga al AL Amyloidosis agua a permanecer con él → ambos se excretan

Túbulo Contorneado Distal

El túbulo contorneado distal es otro “segmento diluyente” de la nefrona, donde el cotransportador de NaCl sensible a la tiazida ayuda a generar líquido tubular hipotónico debido a que el túbulo contorneado distal no es permeable al AL Amyloidosis agua. El transporte de K⁺, Mg²⁺ y Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ también se produce en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum este segmento.

Reabsorción de calcio

• Se reabsorbe a través de los LOS Neisseria canales TRPV5 apicales:
  • El TRPV5 está regulado por la acción de la PTH.
  • ↑ PTH → ↑ adenilil ciclasa y fosfolipasa C → ↑ fosforilación de TRPV5 → ↑ probabilidad de apertura del canal TRPV5 → ↑ reabsorción de Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺
• Dentro de la célula, el Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ se une a la proteína calbindina:
  • Necesario debido a los LOS Neisseria efectos citotóxicos del alto Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ intracelular
  • Transporta Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ a la membrana basolateral
• El Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ se traslada al AL Amyloidosis intersticio basolateral a través de 2 mecanismos:
  • Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺ ATPasa
  • Intercambiador Ca CA Condylomata acuminata are a clinical manifestation of genital HPV infection. Condylomata acuminata are described as raised, pearly, flesh-colored, papular, cauliflower-like lesions seen in the anogenital region that may cause itching, pain, or bleeding. Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)²⁺-Na⁺

Reabsorción de magnesio

• Se reabsorbe a través de los LOS Neisseria canales TRPM6
• No requiere una proteína de transporte del citosol (como la calbindina)
• Se desconoce el mecanismo de movimiento hacia el intersticio basolateral.

Reabsorción de sodio

Se produce a través de 2 mecanismos:

• Cotransportador de NaCl:
  • El Na⁺ y el Cl^– se reabsorben.
  • Lugar de acción de los LOS Neisseria diuréticos tiazídicos
• Canales de sodio epiteliales ( ENaC ENaC Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing epithelial cells that line the distal nephron; the distal colon; salivary ducts; sweat glands; and the lung. They are amiloride-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. Liddle Syndrome, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés):
  • El Na⁺ se reabsorbe por sí mismo.
  • Crea un gradiente de voltaje porque no hay un transporte igual de otros iones cargados (i.e., no se intercambia por otro catión, o se cotransporta con un anión)
  • También se encuentra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria conductos colectores
  • Lugar de acción de la amilorida (diurético ahorrador de K⁺)

Reabsorción de cloruro

• Túbulo contorneado distal temprano: emparejado con Na⁺ a través del cotransportador de NaCl
• Túbulo contorneado distal tardío (2 mecanismos):
  • Paracelular:
    • Impulsado por el gradiente eléctrico generado por la actividad de los LOS Neisseria ENaC ENaC Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing epithelial cells that line the distal nephron; the distal colon; salivary ducts; sweat glands; and the lung. They are amiloride-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. Liddle Syndrome
    • El Cl^– se desplaza fuera del lumen electronegativo y hacia el lado basolateral electropositivo.
    • Representa la mayor parte del transporte de Cl^– en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado distal tardío
  • Transcelular:
    • Canal apical de Cl^– → intercambiador basolateral de Cl^–-HCO₃^–.
    • Ocurre solo en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células intercaladas (no son abundantes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado distal; se localizan principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria conductos colectores)

Secreción de potasio

• El K⁺ no se reabsorbe en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado distal, pero se secreta en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado distal tardío.
• La secreción se produce a través de los LOS Neisseria canales ROMK de las células principales (situadas principalmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria conductos colectores, pero también presentes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo contorneado distal tardío):
  • Impulsado por el lumen electronegativo de los LOS Neisseria ENaC ENaC Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing epithelial cells that line the distal nephron; the distal colon; salivary ducts; sweat glands; and the lung. They are amiloride-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. Liddle Syndrome (igual que en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la reabsorción de Cl^–)
  • Los LOS Neisseria canales ROMK son regulados por la aldosterona.
  • La secreción de K⁺ a través de los LOS Neisseria ROMK aumentará si la actividad de los LOS Neisseria ENaC ENaC Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing epithelial cells that line the distal nephron; the distal colon; salivary ducts; sweat glands; and the lung. They are amiloride-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. Liddle Syndrome aumenta.

Conductos Colectores

Los LOS Neisseria conductos colectores son los LOS Neisseria puntos en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria que confluyen múltiples nefronas durante las etapas finales de la formación de la orina. Las células intercaladas y las células principales actúan para ajustar la composición final y la concentración de la orina, antes de su eliminación.

Células intercaladas

Las células intercaladas se dividen a su vez en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum subtipos α y β, teniendo cada uno de ellos una composición ligeramente diferente de transportadores y otras proteínas.

Proteínas apicales:

• H⁺/K⁺-ATPasa:
  • 1 H⁺ fuera de la célula, 1 K⁺ dentro de la célula
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el ajuste de la reabsorción de K⁺
• H⁺-ATPasa:
  • 1 H⁺ fuera de la célula
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la secreción de ácido
• Intercambiador Cl^–/HCO₃^– (células β-intercaladas)
• Canales de Cl^–

Proteínas basolaterales:

• Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa
• H⁺-ATPasa (células β-intercaladas):
  • Emparejado con el intercambiador apical Cl^–/HCO₃^–
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la homeostasis Homeostasis The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. Cell Injury and Death ácida
• Intercambiador Cl^–/HCO₃^– (células α-intercaladas):
  • Emparejado con el canal de Cl^– apical
  • Participa en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la reabsorción de Cl^–

Células principales

Las células principales son responsables del ajuste de Na⁺ y K⁺ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina, que suele ser una respuesta a la hormona aldosterona. Las células principales son también el lugar donde se encuentra el canal de acuaporina apical AQP2, que es un componente clave en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el ajuste de la concentración de orina.

Proteínas apicales:

• Canal ENaC ENaC Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing epithelial cells that line the distal nephron; the distal colon; salivary ducts; sweat glands; and the lung. They are amiloride-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. Liddle Syndrome: 1 Na⁺ entra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la célula
  • La reabsorción de Na⁺ es impulsada por el gradiente de Na⁺ generado por la Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa.
  • Por cada Na⁺ que entra en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la célula, se deja 1 Cl^– en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lumen tubular.
  • Crea un gradiente eléctrico donde la cara luminal es más negativa
  • Regulación:
    • ↑ Expresión/probabilidad de apertura con aldosterona
    • La entrega distal de Na⁺ da lugar a ↑ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la actividad de los LOS Neisseria canales ENaC ENaC Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing epithelial cells that line the distal nephron; the distal colon; salivary ducts; sweat glands; and the lung. They are amiloride-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. Liddle Syndrome
• Canal ROMK: 1 K⁺sale de la célula
  • La secreción de K⁺ es impulsada por los LOS Neisseria gradientes químicos y eléctricos de K⁺ generados por la Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa y los LOS Neisseria canales ENaC ENaC Sodium channels found on salt-reabsorbing epithelial cells that line the distal nephron; the distal colon; salivary ducts; sweat glands; and the lung. They are amiloride-sensitive and play a critical role in the control of sodium balance, blood volume, and blood pressure. Liddle Syndrome.
  • Los LOS Neisseria canales ROMK pueden abrirse y cerrarse; hay una probabilidad de apertura ↑ con:
    • Aldosterona
    • ↓ adenosin trifosfato (ATP, por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés) intracelular (indica que el ATP acaba de ser utilizado por la Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa para introducir el K⁺ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la célula)
• Canal de acuaporina 2 (AQP2): canal de agua pasivo
  • El agua en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la médula renal es hipertónica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum comparación con la orina debido al AL Amyloidosis sistema multiplicador de contracorriente y a los LOS Neisseria segmentos diluyentes.
  • El agua saldrá de los LOS Neisseria conductos colectores siguiendo su gradiente osmótico para permitir el eflujo si los LOS Neisseria canales de acuaporina están presentes.
  • La hormona antidiurética estimula la producción y expresión de acuaporinas:
    • ↑ niveles de hormona antidiurética → ↑ acuaporinas → ↑ reabsorción de agua → orina concentrada.
    • ↓ niveles de hormona antidiurética → ↓ acuaporinas → ↓ reabsorción de agua → orina diluida.

Basolateral: Na⁺/K⁺-ATPasa

• 3 Na⁺ salen de la célula y 2 K⁺ entran en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum ella.
• Estimulada por la aldosterona

Cuadro Resumen

La siguiente tabla resume la reabsorción, la secreción y las moléculas reguladoras importantes en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum todo el sistema tubular. Las moléculas reguladoras se indican entre paréntesis, y “+” y “-” indican estimulación e inhibición, respectivamente.

Relevancia Clínica

• Carcinoma de células renales: es la neoplasia primaria renal más común que se origina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células tubulares renales (más comúnmente en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal).
• Inhibidores del SGLT2: una clase de medicamentos orales utilizados en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tratamiento de la diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus mellitus de tipo 2. Los LOS Neisseria inhibidores de SGLT2 bloquean la reabsorción de glucosa a través del transportador SGLT2 en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el túbulo proximal, haciendo que la glucosa se excrete en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la orina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum lugar de reabsorberse. Los LOS Neisseria nombres de los LOS Neisseria inhibidores de SGLT2 terminan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum -gliflozina (e.g., empagliflozina) y se consideran opciones de 2da línea. Un efecto secundario importante es el aumento del riesgo de infecciones del tracto genitourinario.
• Diuréticos de asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome: una clase de diuréticos comúnmente utilizados (incluyendo la furosemida, la bumetanida y la torsemida) que ejercen sus efectos bloqueando el cotransportador NKCC2 NKCC2 Renal Potassium Regulation en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum la porción gruesa ascendente del asa ASA Anterior Cord Syndrome de Henle. Los LOS Neisseria iones de sodio permanecen en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el lumen del túbulo y obligan a que el agua permanezca con él, lo que provoca una acción diurética. La hipopotasemia es un efecto secundario común debido a la acción del aumento de la entrega distal de Na⁺ en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria canales ROMK.
• Inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA): clase de medicamentos antihipertensivos de uso común que inhiben el sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona a nivel de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina. Los LOS Neisseria nombres de los LOS Neisseria medicamentos de esta clase terminan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum -pril (e.g., lisinopril Lisinopril One of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors, enalapril Enalapril An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat hypertension and heart failure. Hypertension Drugs) y se utilizan habitualmente para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca y la proteinuria Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of kidney diseases. Nephrotic Syndrome in Children, además de la hipertensión. Estos medicamentos son clínicamente intercambiables con los LOS Neisseria bloqueadores de los LOS Neisseria receptores de aldosterona.
• Bloqueadores de los LOS Neisseria receptores de aldosterona: una clase de fármacos antihipertensivos de uso común que inhiben el SRAA a nivel del receptor Receptor Receptors are proteins located either on the surface of or within a cell that can bind to signaling molecules known as ligands (e.g., hormones) and cause some type of response within the cell. Receptors. Los LOS Neisseria nombres de los LOS Neisseria fármacos de esta clase terminan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum -artán (e.g., losartán, candesartán) y se utilizan habitualmente para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca y la proteinuria Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of kidney diseases. Nephrotic Syndrome in Children, además de la hipertensión. Estos fármacos son clínicamente intercambiables con los LOS Neisseria inhibidores de la ECA y se utilizan a menudo cuando no se toleran los LOS Neisseria inhibidores de la ECA debido al AL Amyloidosis efecto secundario relativamente común de la tos TOS Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a broad term used for a spectrum of syndromes related to the general region of the thoracic outlet, which involves the compression or irritation of elements of the brachial plexus, subclavian artery, or subclavian vein. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (que no es una característica de los LOS Neisseria bloqueantes de los LOS Neisseria receptores de la angiotensina II).
• Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus insípida: enfermedad resultante de la falta de secreción de hormona antidiurética ( diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus insípida central) o de la resistencia a la hormona antidiurética ( diabetes Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and dysfunction of the regulation of glucose metabolism by insulin. Type 1 DM is diagnosed mostly in children and young adults as the result of autoimmune destruction of β cells in the pancreas and the resulting lack of insulin. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin resistance. Diabetes Mellitus insípida nefrogénica). La falta de estimulación de la hormona antidiuretica en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum las células tubulares da lugar a una disminución de los LOS Neisseria canales de acuaporina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum los LOS Neisseria conductos colectores, lo que, a su vez, provoca una disminución de la reabsorción de agua, orina inadecuadamente diluida y poliuria. El tratamiento incluye la administración de desmopresina, un análogo de la hormona antidiuretica.
• Bloqueadores de los LOS Neisseria receptores V2: también conocidos como “vaptanos”, esta clase de medicamentos inhibe la acción de la hormona antidiurética a nivel de los LOS Neisseria receptores. Los LOS Neisseria bloqueadores de los LOS Neisseria receptores V2 se utilizan en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el tratamiento del síndrome de secreción inadecuada de hormona antidiurética ( SIADH SIADH Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is a disorder of impaired water excretion due to the inability to suppress the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). SIADH is characterized by impaired water excretion leading to dilutional hyponatremia, which is mainly asymptomatic but may cause neurologic symptoms. S Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH), por sus siglas en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum inglés), que provoca hiponatremia por una reabsorción de agua inadecuadamente elevada de los LOS Neisseria canales de acuaporina en EN Erythema nodosum is an immune-mediated panniculitis (inflammation of the subcutaneous fat) caused by a type IV (delayed-type) hypersensitivity reaction. It commonly manifests in young women as tender, erythematous nodules on the shins. Erythema Nodosum el conducto colector. El tolvaptán es el medicamento oral más utilizado de esta clase.