Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Children
Definition and Classification Definition A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection (most commonly bacterial, but, rarely, also viral and fungal) of any part of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, or kidneys. Classification Epidemiology and Risk Factors Epidemiology Prevalence of UTI: Risk factors Etiology and Pathophysiology Etiology Pathophysiology Normal urinary tract anatomy […]
Neural Tube Defects
Overview Definition A neural tube defect (NTD; spinal dysraphism) is a congenital defect in the covering of the central nervous system, resulting from a failure of the neural tube to close spontaneously during the 3rd or 4th week of embryonic development. Classification Epidemiology Embryology Clinical Presentation Most NTDs are discovered during prenatal screening. Open NTDs […]
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Overview Definition Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disease of the capillaries (microangiopathy) that causes the formation of blood clots, anemia caused by the destruction of RBC in these clotted capillaries (hemolytic anemia), acute kidney injury, and low platelets (thrombocytopenia). Epidemiology Etiology Etiology is classified as acquired (infectious versus noninfectious) or hereditary. Pathophysiology The pathophysiology […]
Omphalocele
Overview Definition Embryology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Pathophysiology is not definitively understood; 2 main theories: Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Most cases of omphalocele (90%) are diagnosed prenatally: Management Perinatal management Surgery Differential Diagnosis References
Gastroschisis
Overview Definition Gastroschisis is a full-thickness defect of the anterior abdominal wall through which the intestine and/or other abdominal viscera freely protrude. Embryology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Embryologic hypotheses leading to herniation of the bowel: Diagnosis and Monitoring Diagnostic tests Monitoring Clinical Presentation Newborn findings Categories Management and Prognosis Delivery Neonatal care Surgery Prognosis Differential Diagnosis References
Patent Foramen Ovale
Overview Definition Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a persistent, post-natal communication between the atria due to the failure of the closure of the foramen ovale during the transition from in-utero to ex-utero neonatal circulation. Epidemiology Embryology Clinical Presentation and Imaging Isolated PFO Patent foramen ovale associated with other cardiac anomalies Diagnostic imaging Management References
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias
Overview Definition Epidemiology Embryology Multiple embryological mechanisms have been proposed: Classification Pathophysiology Pathological effects of CDH are due to lung hypoplasia: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Prenatal diagnosis Early postnatal presentation Delayed presentation Management Prenatal management Perinatal management Postnatal Acute Management Prognosis Differential Diagnosis References
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Definition and Epidemiology Definition Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden, unexplained death of a child in infancy (< 1 year of age) with no identifiable cause after examination, clinical case review, and autopsy. Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Etiology The most likely cause of SIDS involves a multifactorial genesis in particularly vulnerable babies, in […]
Anorectal Atresia
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Anorectal atresia arises out of deviations from the normal embryological development of abdominal organs to create the adult rectum and anal canal. Classification Anorectal malformations may be divided into high and low lesions based on the level of the pelvic floor (levator ani muscle): Diagnosis Defects are often identified during the newborn […]
Cataracts in Children
Overview Definition A cataract is a painless opacity of the lens that disrupts the light projecting onto the retina, resulting in a clouding of vision. Cataracts can cause partial or total blindness. Epidemiology Anatomy Lens: Etiology and Pathophysiology Cataracts by age of onset Cataracts by etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Initial assessment Ophthalmologic examination Other tests […]