Nephritic Syndrome in Children
Overview Definition Nephritic syndrome is defined as renal disease caused by immune-mediated inflammation and injury of the glomeruli with classic features of: Epidemiology Etiology Primary (renal) causes of nephritic syndrome in children: Secondary causes of nephritic syndrome in children: Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Signs and symptoms Physical exam Complications Patients can also present with manifestations of […]
Supracondylar Fracture
Overview Definition A supracondylar fracture affects the distal humerus, just above the elbow, and is seen frequently in the pediatric population. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology The distal humerus’s supracondylar area in children is made of thin, structurally weak developing bone, making it a common fracture site. Classification Gartland classification is based on the degree of displacement: […]
Truncus Arteriosus
Overview Anatomy Embryology Classification Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Clinical presentation Patients may be asymptomatic at birth but develop symptoms within 1st few days of life. Diagnosis Physical exam Imaging Other tests Management and Prognosis Management The initial management aims to medically stabilize the patient prior to surgical intervention. Prognosis Differential Diagnosis References
Coarctation of the Aorta
Overview Definition Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta caused by the thickening of the medial layer at a localized point, most commonly near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus. Types Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Neonates Children Adults Diagnosis Diagnostic test of choice: echocardiogram Findings: Supportive noninvasive workup […]
Intestinal Malrotation
Overview Definition Intestinal malrotation is a failure of the GI tract to undergo normal rotation around mesenteric vessels during embryogenesis. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Malrotation represents a spectrum of rotational abnormalities. The 2 most common abnormalities are complete nonrotation and incomplete rotation. Complete non-rotation Incomplete rotation Midgut volvulus Clinical Presentation Malrotation (without volvulus) Midgut volvulus Internal […]
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Overview Definition Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) is a cyanotic congenital heart defect that results in the drainage of the 4 pulmonary veins into the systemic venous circulation, rather than into the left atrium, resulting in mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. An interatrial defect (ASD, PFO, or PDA) must be present to allow […]
Tricuspid Valve Atresia (TVA)
Overview Definition Tricuspid valve atresia (TVA) is a congenital heart defect (CHD) featuring the complete absence or agenesis of the tricuspid valve (TV) resulting in a lack of communication between the right atrium (RA) and the right ventricle (RV). Tricuspid valve atresia (TVA) is considered a cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) as most patients present […]
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Overview Definition A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a malformation of the interventricular septum (IVS) resulting in an abnormal communication between the left ventricle (LV) and the right ventricle (RV). This defect may present in isolation, or be a part of another anomaly, such as tetralogy of Fallot. Classification There are 4 main subtypes of […]
Vascular Rings
Overview Definition A vascular ring is a congenital malformation in which the esophagus and trachea are encircled by an aberrant aorta. Embryology Anatomy Although the clinical symptoms and treatment approach are the same, there are multiple ways in which the development of the aortic arch can give rise to a vascular ring. Each variant is […]
Buckle or Torus Fracture
Overview Definition A buckle, or torus, fracture is a fracture that primarily affects growing metaphyseal bone secondary to a compression load, in which the bone buckles or compresses. Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis The clinical presentation of pediatric patients with buckle fractures is similar to patients with other pediatric fractures. History Physical exam Imaging […]