Aortic Regurgitation
Overview Definition Aortic regurgitation (AR) or aortic insufficiency: Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Acute AR Chronic AR Clinical Presentation Acute AR Chronic AR Symptoms: Signs: Audio: This audio clip is an example of aortic regurgitation. It is characterized by a blowing, decrescendo murmur occurring right after S2. Diagnosis Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Electrocardiogram (ECG) Chest […]
Retinoblastoma
Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management and Prognosis Management Treatment depends on the stage, with multiple “vision-sparing” therapies available: Prognosis Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnosis includes any condition that can cause leukocoria. References
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Overview Epidemiology Retinopathy of prematurity is the leading cause of blindness in infants. The incidence of the disease is inversely proportional to: Gestational age of the patient Birth weight Risk factors Low birth weight Low gestational age Supplemental oxygen therapy Genetic predisposition Infections Congenital cardiac defects Pathophysiology Premature infants of low birth weight are at […]
Glaucoma
Overview Definition Epidemiology Physiology Types of glaucoma Open-angle Glaucoma Risk factors Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Angle-closure Glaucoma Risk factors Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis The differential diagnoses of glaucoma include the following conditions: References
Diseases of the Uvea
Overview Definition Uveitis is an inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, which comprises the iris, ciliary body, and the choroid. Anatomy Types Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical presentation Diagnosis Diagnosis is made by dilated fundus examination and slit-lamp examination. Scleral depression is an additional maneuver […]
Lichen Planus
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Cutaneous LP Cutaneous variants by morphology Oral LP Genital LP Other forms of LP Diagnosis History and clinical findings Mucocutaneous biopsy Other tests Management Supportive therapy First-line pharmacologic therapy Second-line pharmacologic therapy Differential Diagnosis References
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
Overview Definitions Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) Types Location Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Contributing factors Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Diagnosis History Diagnostic tests Management Non-surgical management of aortic aneurysms Management of asymptomatic patients Degenerative ascending or aortic root aneurysm Descending aortic aneurysm Annual CTA/MRA (echocardiography to follow valvular disease if needed) 3.5–4.4 cm 4–4.9 cm Biannual […]
Cirrhosis
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Two most common causes of cirrhosis: Overview of potential causes: Pathophysiology General Cirrhosis is liver damage that is characterized by diffuse distortion of the basic liver architecture and replacement with scar tissue and regenerative nodules. Secondary effects Classification The Child-Pugh score is used to estimate life expectancy. It serves as […]
Blepharitis
Overview Definition Inflammation of the eyelid margin Chronic recurrent irritation can lead to eyelid scarring and affect the surrounding structures (cornea and conjunctiva). Anatomy Eyelids protect the eyes from injury and light. Eyelid layers (from superficial to deep): Skin Loose subcutaneous tissue Orbicularis oculi muscle: Closes the eyelids Assists in tear drainage Tarsal plate: Connective […]
Chorioretinitis
Overview Definition Anatomy Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Infectious Chorioretinitis Congenital toxoplasmosis Acquired toxoplasmosis Active infection Reactivated infection Congenital CMV retinitis Acquired CMV retinitis Tuberculosis Toxocariasis Syphilis Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome Non-infectious Chorioretinitis Sarcoidosis Behcet’s disease Birdshot retinochoroidopathy MEWDS Diagnosis Prenatal diagnosis Laboratory tests and imaging Guided by: Dilated fundus examination and slit-lamp biomicroscopy […]