Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Overview Definitions Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Contributing factors Pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Diagnosis History Diagnostic tests Management Non-surgical management Table: Management of asymptomatic patients by AAA size AAA management of asymptomatic patients (ultrasound) AAA size Rescreen after 10 years ≥ 2.5 cm but < 3 cm Imaging every 3 years 3–3.9 cm Imaging every 12 […]
Achalasia
Overview Definition Anatomy and physiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Pathologic process Proposed factors that contribute to the pathogenesis Clinical Presentation and Complications Clinical presentation Complications Diagnosis Diagnostic approach Esophageal manometry Other diagnostic tests Management Approach to management Management options Differential Diagnosis References
Fever
Definition Etiology Infection Neurogenic Drug-induced Other conditions Pathophysiology Physiologic effects of fever Clinical Presentation Common symptoms Types of fever patterns Effects of Fever Beneficial effects Adverse effects Table: Adverse effects of cytokines Cellular Local Systemic Membrane, mitochondrial, and DNA damage Stimulation of excitotoxic mechanisms Protein denaturation Cell death Cytokine stimulation Inflammatory response Vascular stasis Extravasation […]
Erythema Multiforme
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Erythema multiforme (EM) is a cell-mediated immune reaction (type IV reaction) directed against the antigens of the offending agent, which deposit in the skin. Classification Etiologies Examples Infectious causes (most common, 90% of cases) Bacterial Mycoplasma pneumonia Rickettsia Chlamydophila psittaci Salmonella typhi Mycobacterium tuberculosis Histoplasma capsulatum Viral Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types […]
Cataracts in Children
Overview Definition A cataract is a painless opacity of the lens that disrupts the light projecting onto the retina, resulting in a clouding of vision. Cataracts can cause partial or total blindness. Epidemiology Anatomy Lens: Etiology and Pathophysiology Cataracts by age of onset Cataracts by etiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Initial assessment Ophthalmologic examination Other tests […]
Dacryocystitis
Overview Definition Dacryocystitis is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac due to nasolacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction and the subsequent stasis of tears. Anatomy and physiology Epidemiology Types of Dacryocystitis Based on etiology Nasolacrimal system obstruction is the main etiology. Based on onset Clinical Presentation Complications Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis References
Retropharyngeal Abscess
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Clinical Presentation Early symptoms Later symptoms Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis Management Complications Retropharyngeal abscesses are considered the most deadly deep neck infection. The most common complications include: Differential Diagnosis References
Macular Degeneration
Overview Definition Age-related macular degeneration (AMD): Anatomy Classification Epidemiology Pathophysiology Dry AMD Wet AMD Clinical Presentation Dry AMD Wet AMD Diagnosis Management Dry AMD Wet AMD Differential Diagnosis References
Cataracts in Adults
Overview Definition A cataract is a painless opacity of the lens that disrupts the light projecting onto the retina, resulting in a clouding of vision. It can cause partial or total blindness. Epidemiology Anatomy Etiology and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Diagnosis Ophthalmologic examination Classification of diagnostic findings Posterior subcapsular cataracts Nuclear cataracts Cortical cataracts […]
Cor Pulmonale
Overview Etiology and Epidemiology Etiology Etiologies of chronic cor pulmonale Primary lung disease Diseases causing chronic hypoxia Primary pulmonary vascular disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Interstitial lung diseases Cystic fibrosis Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Central hypoventilation syndrome Neuromuscular respiratory failure Kyphosis Chronic high-altitude hypoxia Idiopathic or associated pulmonary arterial hypertension Chronic thromboembolic disease Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical […]