Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Epidemiology and Pathophysiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Although no specific organic cause has been identified, there are several possible pathogenic mechanisms. Clinical Presentation Classification Irritable bowel syndrome is classified based on the clinical presentation. Other signs and symptoms Diagnosis Criteria for diagnosis Irritable bowel syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, but the Rome IV criteria help provide […]
Asthma
Definition and Epidemiology Definition Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways: Epidemiology Etiology Predisposing factors for asthma Asthma triggers In established asthma, different triggers may exacerbate the symptoms. These include the following: Pathophysiology Predominant inflammatory response Other mechanism Heterogeneity of asthma Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Classification of asthma based on severity Component Classification […]
Budd-Chiari Syndrome
Overview Definition Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Management and Prognosis Management Prognosis Differential Diagnosis References
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease)
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is most prevalent in regions and countries with heavy tobacco use: Mediterranean Middle East Asia Decreasing rates in North America and Western Europe are due to the decline in cigarette smoking: Current rate of 12.6‒20 cases per 100,000 Unclear how vaping will affect TAO cases Men > women […]
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Overview Epidemiology Etiology The exact cause for this condition is unknown, but it is associated with the following: Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Patients will present similar to those with ACS or heart failure: Symptoms Physical exam Diagnosis Diagnostic algorithm Because patients present similar to ACS, the diagnostic process will be similar. Diagnostic evaluation Initial testing: Next […]
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Overview Classification Subtype Involved BSA Stevens-Johnson syndrome 10% of BSA Overlapping SJS/TEN 10%‒30% of BSA Toxic epidermal necrolysis 30% of BSA BSA: body surface area SJS: Stevens-Johnson syndrome TEN: toxic epidermal necrolysis Epidemiology Etiology The following table lists the major common medication and infectious causes of SJS/TEN: Types Examples Medications Antiepileptics Lamotrigine, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, valproate, […]
Gastric Cancer
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Endogenous risk factors: Exogenous risk factors: Types of Gastric Cancer Adenocarcinoma Primary gastric lymphoma Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) Carcinoid tumors Pathophysiology Intestinal type Diffuse type Clinical Presentation Symptoms Signs Paraneoplastic findings Diagnosis Surveillance Diagnosis Staging procedures Tumor, Nodes, Metastases (TNM) Classification and Stages Table: TNM classification for the staging of gastric carcinoma […]
Pulmonary Regurgitation
Overview Anatomy Pulmonary or pulmonic valve: Table: Overview of pulmonary valve disorders Pulmonary stenosis Pulmonary regurgitation Etiology Mostly congenital Mostly acquired Murmur Systolic murmur, left upper sternal border (preceded by a systolic click that decreases with inspiration) Diastolic murmur, left upper sternal border, increases with inspiration S2 Split S2 with soft and delayed P2 Split […]
Renal Artery Stenosis
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical signs and medical history Diagnostic procedures Additional diagnostic tests can be used in the following cases: However, the tests are expensive and may have serious side effects, especially if renal insufficiency is present. Laboratory testing Management Medical therapy Invasive procedures Differential Diagnosis Primary (“essential”) […]
Cholecystitis
Overview Definition Cholecystitis is the inflammation of the gallbladder (GB). Types: Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation History Examination Diagnosis Management General considerations Surgical treatment Complications Differential Diagnosis Other biliary/liver conditions Non-biliary conditions References