Benign Liver Tumors
Overview Introduction Epidemiology General comparison of hepatic tumors Table: Comparison of liver tumors Hepatic hemangioma Focal nodular hyperplasia Hepatocellular adenoma Hepatocellular carcinoma Characteristics and pathologic features Cavernous vascular spaces Central stellate scar + portal tracts, bile ductules, Kupffer cells Sheets of enlarged hepatocytes; no portal tracts or bile ductules Well-differentiated (similar to normal hepatocytes); poorly […]
Gastroenteritis
Overview Epidemiology The 2nd leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide 3 million deaths annually (> 8,400 per day) Mostly affects young children in developing countries International travelers are particularly susceptible. In the United States: 179 million cases per year (17 million cases are foodborne) Approximately 2 million hospitalizations per year Etiology Viral: Norovirus (common) […]
Congenital Renal Abnormalities
Renal Embryology The kidney develops in the pelvis and migrates cranially. Three separate renal systems form in sequence, giving rise to the kidney, in association with the urinary tract and urogenital system: Disorders of the Renal Parenchyma Introduction Renal embryologic disorders affecting the size, the shape, or the structure of kidney parenchyma (renal dysgenesis): Renal […]
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Overview Definition A peptic ulcer is a mucosal defect in the wall of the stomach or duodenum that penetrates the muscularis mucosa. Epidemiology Etiology Risk factors In many cases, the listed etiologies are not enough to produce PUD. Contributing risk factors to PUD development: Pathophysiology Anatomic location of ulcers Table: Classification of gastric ulcers by […]
Acute Pancreatitis
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Normal pancreatic function Acute pancreatitis pathogenesis Clinical Presentation Symptoms Physical examination Diagnosis Diagnostic criteria The diagnosis of acute pancreatitis requires at least 2 of the following: Laboratory evaluation Imaging Imaging may not be required if the 1st 2 diagnostic criteria are met, but can be used for evaluating the […]
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the bulging of the mitral valve (MV) leaflets into the atrium by ≥ 2 mm above the plane of the MV annulus during ventricular systole: Clinical Presentation Clinical manifestations Physical exam Audio: This audio clip is an example of the mid-systolic click heard in mitral valve […]
Atrioventricular block (AV block)
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology More common in the elderly 3rd-degree block is the rarest. 1st-degree and Mobitz type 1 2nd-degree atrioventricular (AV) block can be seen in healthy patients. Etiology Pathologic: Idiopathic fibrosis and sclerosis of the conduction system (approximately 50% of cases) Myocardial infarction (approximately 40% of cases) Cardiomyopathy: Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Sarcoidosis Amyloidosis […]
Gastritis
Overview Definition Gastritis is the inflammation of gastric mucosa associated with mucosal injury. Epidemiology Etiology Gastritis is usually due to an infection or an immune-mediated process. Pathophysiology H. pylori–associated gastritis Autoimmune metaplastic atrophic gastritis (AMAG) Gastropathy Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical presentation Diagnostic studies Specific tests for H. pylori Management and Complications Management Complications Differential […]
Mitral Regurgitation
Overview Definition Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the backflow of blood to the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV) during ventricular contraction. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Acute MR Patients will often present with signs and symptoms of acute heart failure or cardiogenic shock: Audio: This audio clip is an example of an acute […]
Mitral Stenosis
Overview Definition Mitral stenosis (MS) is the narrowing of the mitral valve (MV) orifice, which impedes blood flow from the left atrium (LA) into the left ventricle (LV) during diastole. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Clinical manifestations Physical exam Diagnosis Echocardiography Other workup Management Differential Diagnosis References