Peripheral Artery Disease
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Peripheral artery disease (PAD) usually has the same causative factors as coronary and carotid disease. Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Patients with PAD may be asymptomatic (20%–25%) or present with evidence of chronic or acute limb ischemia. Chronic arterial insufficiency Table: Fontaine classification of peripheral artery disease Stage Symptoms 1 Asymptomatic 2a […]
Large Bowel Obstruction
Overview Definition A large bowel obstruction (LBO) is an interruption in the normal passage of bowel contents through the colon and rectum. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Pathogenesis Pathophysiology for specific etiologies Clinical Presentation Acute obstruction symptoms Chronic obstruction syndrome Physical exam Diagnosis Relevant history Laboratory studies Imaging Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy Management Initial supportive management Mechanical obstruction […]
Appendicitis
Overview Definition Appendicitis is the inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Time course Early: Late: Perforation: Clinical presentation Classic: Atypical: Anatomic factors: Diagnosis History Physical exam General: Abdominal exam: Rectal exam: Pelvic exam: Laboratory studies Alvarado score Table: Alvarado score Symptoms Migratory pain in the right iliac fossa 1 […]
Dysphagia
Overview Definition Dysphagia is a condition in which there is a disruption of the swallowing process, typically interfering with the ability to eat and drink. Normal physiology Swallowing consists of 3 phases: Classification There are 2 categories of dysphagia: Oropharyngeal Dysphagia Epidemiology Etiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Management Management is guided by the diagnostic workup, and […]
Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Overview Definition Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a noninflammatory, nonatherosclerotic angiopathy characterized by stenosis, aneurysm, dissection, and tortuosity of medium-sized arteries. Fibromuscular dysplasia primarily affects the renal (most common), carotid, visceral, external iliac, and vertebral arteries. Epidemiology Pathophysiology The cause of this disease is unknown. Classification Clinical Presentation The clinical presentation depends on the affected vessels […]
Small Bowel Obstruction
Overview Definition Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is the interruption of the flow of intraluminal contents through the small bowel (duodenum, jejunum, or ileum). Epidemiology Etiology Mnemonics Pathophysiology Classification Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Symptoms Physical examination Diagnosis History Laboratory tests Imaging studies Management and Prognosis Medical management Surgery Prognosis Differential Diagnosis References
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Metabolism of drugs The liver handles metabolism of drugs/toxins, thus making the liver susceptible to injury. The drugs themselves undergo processes to be inactivated and become water soluble (for proper renal or biliary excretion). Phase I reaction: Phase II reaction: Phase III reaction: Pathophysiology Mechanisms of drug toxicity Intrinsic/direct hepatotoxins: Idiosyncratic reactions: […]
Nevus/Nevi
Definition and Classification Definition A nevus (plural nevi) is a benign neoplasm of the skin: Classification Nevi can be classified in various ways, according to several factors that are not mutually exclusive: Common Congenital Nevi Congenital melanocytic nevus Congenital dermal melanocytosis Nevus of Ito Nevus of Ota Common Acquired Nevi Epidemiology Etiology Histopathology Table: Acquired […]
Hereditary Hemochromatosis
Overview Definition Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is: Etiology Iron overload It is important to note that causes of iron overload may overlap or occur at the same time. Secondary iron overload disorders (acquired): Epidemiology Pathophysiology Iron homeostasis Iron regulation via hepcidin Certain conditions require a decrease or increase in iron absorption and circulating iron, a pathway […]
Lynch syndrome
Epidemiology 4:20 Colorectal Cancer (CRC) in Women Etiology Lynch syndrome patients inherit one or more mutant MMR genes and the respective normal allele/alleles; the 2nd allele then becomes mutated or loses function by epigenetic silencing so often that the inheritance pattern is effectively autosomal dominant. Pathogenesis and Pathology Pathogenis Pathology Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical […]