Donovanosis
Overview Definition Donovanosis, or granuloma inguinale, is an STD characterized by chronic progressive ulcers affecting the genital region. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Signs and symptoms Complications Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis Management Differential Diagnosis References
Gonorrhea
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Gonorrhea is caused by the pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. gonorrhoeae): Risk factors: Pathophysiology Transmission Virulence factors Pathogenesis Antimicrobial resistance Clinical Presentation Urogenital infection in men Urogenital infection in women Extragenital infections Disseminated gonococcal infection Clinical presentation in children Newborn infections: After the neonatal period: Diagnosis Laboratory evaluation Disseminated gonococcal infection […]
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Overview Definition Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also called extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an immunologically induced inflammatory disease affecting the lung parenchyma, alveoli, and bronchioles. This disorder is caused by repeated inhalation of inciting agents in a susceptible host. Interstitial lung disease caused by hypersensitivity reactions: Classification Classification is based on duration of illness and frequency, duration, […]
Orbital and Preseptal Cellulitis
Overview Orbital anatomy Orbit: Orbital septum: Related infections Epidemiology Etiology Microbiology: Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical features Preseptal and orbital cellulitis have common findings: However, orbital cellulitis involves inflammation and swelling of the extraocular muscles and fatty tissues, which is not found in preseptal cellulitis. Red flags that raise suspicion for orbital cellulitis: Contrasting […]
Pityriasis Rosea
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Incidence: 0.5%–2% Sex: women > men Common age group: 15–30 years Seasonal variation: more common in winter and spring (in temperate climates) Etiology Idiopathic Possibly infectious; has been associated with: HHV-6 HHV-7 HHV-8 Influenza (H1N1) Clinical Presentation Prodrome Occurs in a minority of patients a week prior to appearance of cutaneous […]
Multiple Myeloma
Overview Definition Multiple myeloma (MM) is a bone marrow malignancy arising from monoclonal plasma cells. Epidemiology MM accounts for 10% of all hematologic malignancies Incidence is 3–8 per 100,000 (race dependent). The highest rate is in African Americans. Men > women (2:1) A disease of the elderly: Median age is 65–70 years old (race dependent). […]
Bullous Pemphigoid and Pemphigus Vulgaris
Overview Definition Bullous pemphigoid: A non–life-threatening, chronic autoimmune disease Characterized by subepithelial bullae Caused by loss of adhesion between the epidermis and dermis Pemphigus vulgaris: A life-threatening, chronic autoimmune disease Characterized by intraepithelial bullae Caused by loss of adhesion between keratinocytes (acantholysis) Epidemiology and etiology Bullous pemphigoid Pemphigus vulgaris Incidence per year 6‒13 per 1 […]
Cellulitis
Overview Definition Cellulitis is inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. It is often due to infection. Epidemiology and etiology Risk factors Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Clinical findings Diagnosis Management and Complications Treatment approach Treatment regimen Complications Differential Diagnosis References
Syphilis
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Syphilis is a multistage disease. Patients can present at any stage and infected individuals may not exhibit symptoms for years. Primary syphilis Secondary syphilis Latent syphilis Tertiary syphilis Diagnosis General approach It is difficult to diagnose syphilis. However, specific labs and the correlation of history and examination results can […]
Alport Syndrome
Epidemiology and Etiology Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder arising from a mutation in genes encoding for the alpha chains of type IV collagen, which is primarily located in the lens, cochlea, and kidneys (glomerulus). Clinical Presentation Alport syndrome most often presents with renal, ocular, and auditory findings. Renal presentation (glomerulonephritis) Ocular […]