Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis Management Management of SSSS includes aggressive treatment of primary infection and supportive care. Differential Diagnosis Comparison of common childhood rashes Number Other names for the disease Etiology Description 1st disease Measles Rubeola 14-day measles Morbilli Measles morbillivirus Cough, coryza, conjunctivitis Koplik’s spots (blue-white spots with […]
Hypothyroidism
Overview Definition Hypothyroidism is an endocrine disorder resulting from thyroid hormone deficiency. Epidemiology Prevalence: 0.1%–2% More common in women than in men: range, 5–8 times higher Congenital hypothyroidism: Annual incidence: 1 in 4000 births in the United States High incidence in Down syndrome (trisomy 21) Secondary hypothyroidism: 1 in 20,000–80,000 in the general population Classification […]
Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts)
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Condylomata acuminata are specifically lesions created by HPV. Pathophysiology Infection to resolution: Histopathology Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical manifestation Patients are often asymptomatic, presenting only for the appearance of lesions. The diagnosis of HPV may cause significant psychosocial distress, given the associated stigma. Diagnosis Management and Complications Management Spontaneous and complete resolution […]
Pleural Effusion
Overview Definition Pleural effusion is an excessive accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity (between the parietal and visceral pleura). Classification Light’s criteria are used to categorize effusions and to guide further workup. An effusion is classified as exudative if any of these 3 criteria are met: If these 3 criteria are not met, the […]
Influenza Viruses/Influenza
Classification General Characteristics Structure and basic features The influenza virus is a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family. Clinically relevant species and diseases Influenza viruses cause a febrile respiratory disease known as influenza. There are 3 distinct clinically relevant species of the virus: Table: Characteristics and clinical manifestations of influenza viruses Characteristics Influenza A Influenza B […]
Cushing Syndrome
Overview Definition Cushing’s syndrome or hypercortisolism is a disorder characterized by features resulting from chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids. Types of Cushing’s syndrome Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Hormonal regulation Hypercortisolism Clinical Presentation Table: Signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome Skin Acne, facial plethora, violaceous striae/stretch marks, easy bruising, hirsutism Secondary hypercortisolism: hyperpigmentation (both ACTH and ɑ-melanin-stimulating […]
Tetanus
Overview Definition Tetanus is a nervous system disorder caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. Etiology Epidemiology Mode of infection Pathophysiology Types Pathophysiology Inoculation: Pathogenesis: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Clinical presentation Generalized tetanus is the most common and severe clinical form of tetanus. Neonatal tetanus: Local tetanus: Cephalic tetanus: Diagnosis Management Supportive management Halting production of […]
Chancroid
Overview Definition Chancroid (soft chancre) is a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterium, Haemophilus ducreyi, characterized by painful genital ulcers and suppurative inguinal adenopathy. Etiology Epidemiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Diagnosis is made by clinical judgment and tests to rule out the 2 most common causes of genital ulcers, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and […]
Chondrosarcoma
Overview Definition Chondrosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by the production of a cartilaginous matrix. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Diagnosis History and physical exam Imaging Biopsy Management Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Prognosis Differential Diagnosis References
Leprosy
Overview Definition Leprosy (also known as Hansen’s disease) is an infectious disease affecting skin and peripheral nerves. Epidemiology Etiology Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae complex bacteria: Risk factors for acquisition: Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Skin lesions: Other manifestations: Clinical spectrum of leprosy Tuberculoid Lepromatous Presentation Immunocompetent individuals Immunocompromised individuals Location Skin and nerves Skin and […]