Ewing Sarcoma
Overview Definition Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a primary bone malignancy derived from undifferentiated primitive round cells. Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation Pathophysiology Clinical presentation Diagnosis Laboratory studies Imaging Biopsy Management Systemic Local treatment Prognosis Differential Diagnosis References
Ichthyosis Vulgaris
Overview Epidemiology Ichthyosis vulgaris is the most common keratinization disorder. Etiology Hereditary ichthyosis vulgaris: Acquired ichthyosis vulgaris: Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Signs and symptoms Clinical course: Skin findings: Location: Associated with: Associated conditions Diagnosis and Management Diagnosis The diagnosis is based on the clinical exam and family history. In patients with a milder phenotype, the following […]
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Overview Definition Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by decreased compliance of the ventricles, nondilated heart muscle, and diastolic dysfunction (impaired filling of the ventricles). Epidemiology Rarest cardiomyopathy 5% of all cases Incidence and prevalence are etiology-dependent: Amyloidosis Most common RCM in the United States Men = women Common in […]
Endocarditis
Overview Definition Epidemiology Infective endocarditis: Noninfective endocarditis: Infective endocarditis etiologies Infective endocarditis may be caused by numerous organisms; the list below is not exhaustive. Noninfective endocarditis etiologies Risk Factors and Pathophysiology Risk factors The following are risk factors for IE: Infective endocarditis Noninfective endocarditis Classification Infective endocarditis can be further classified based on the clinical […]
Pulmonary Examination
Introduction Positioning: Environment: Initial steps: Inspection The 1st part of the pulmonary exam begins with an inspection of the patient noting pertinent positive and negative findings. Inspection overview General appearance/distress level of patient: Level of consciousness: Respiratory rate (RR): Table: Normal respiratory rate ranges in children Age group Age Normal respiratory rate range Infant 0–12 […]
Hypoaldosteronism
Overview Definition Hypoaldosteronism is defined as decreased secretion of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, which may be primary or secondary in nature. Epidemiology Exact incidence is unknown. Age at diagnosis: Generally occurs in older adults (> 50 years of age) May occur in children with underlying disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus, sickle […]
Nonthrombotic Embolism
Cholesterol Embolism Overview Epidemiology and etiology Pathophysiology Clinical presentation The classic presentation includes skin findings, abdominal pain, and progressive renal failure following a vascular procedure. Neurological and ocular symptoms are also common if the emboli travel superiorly. Diagnosis The diagnosis is usually clinical. Definitive diagnosis requires a biopsy. Management Fat Embolism Overview Etiology Pathogenesis Pathogenesis […]
Goiter
Overview Definition Abnormal nonneoplastic enlargement of the thyroid, a highly vascular gland in the anterior neck region Types according to morphology: Uninodular or multinodular goiter: associated with 1 or more thyroid nodules, causing thyroid enlargement Diffuse goiter: smooth and symmetrically enlarged thyroid gland Types according to thyroid function: Toxic goiter: associated with hyperthyroidism (↑ thyroid […]
Urticaria (Hives)
Overview Definition Urticaria is a vascular reaction of the skin noted as a transient appearance of slightly elevated plaques (wheals) that are redder or paler than adjacent skin and often accompanied by significant itching. Epidemiology Etiology IgE-mediated urticarias (type I hypersensitivity, release of histamine from mast cells) are often due to exposure to certain allergens: […]
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Overview Epidemiology Etiology Approximately 60%–70% of cases are caused by mutations affecting the thick or thin myofilament proteins of the sarcomeres (contractile components of the heart). Pathophysiology Clinical Presentation Many individuals affected by HCM are asymptomatic throughout their lives. For some, typically during adolescence, sudden cardiac death is the 1st symptom. History Symptoms: Family history: […]