Pleura: Anatomy
Gross Anatomy The pleura is a double-layered serous membrane that lines the walls of the thoracic cavity and the surface of the lungs. Thus, it extends virtually as far and wide as the thoracic cavity. Boundaries: Each lung is enclosed in a serous pleural sac that consists of 2 continuous membranes of visceral and parietal […]
Leg: Anatomy
Bones and Joints Tibia Fibula Joints Fascial Compartments The leg is divided into 4 fascial compartments by the interosseous membrane and the anterior, posterior, and transverse intermuscular septa as follows: Anterior Compartment — Dorsiflexor Muscles Table: Anterior compartment — dorsiflexor muscles Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Function Tibialis anterior Lateral condyle, lateral surface of proximal tibia, […]
Thigh: Anatomy
Bone of the Thigh: Femur Segment Important landmarks Proximal end Head: Spherical Articulates with acetabulum to form the hip joint Has the fovea for the ligament of the head on its posteroinferior surface Neck: Approximately 5 cm in length Subdivided into 3 regions: the basicervical, midcervical, and subcapital portions Fractures here may lead to avascular […]
Hip Joint: Anatomy
Bony Structure of the Hip Joint The hip joint is a multi-axial joint that connects the pelvis to the lower extremities. As compared with the glenohumeral joint (shoulder), the hip has less range of motion and is designed primarily for weight bearing and stability. Supporting Structures of the Hip Joint Articular capsule Consists of 2 […]
Gluteal Region: Anatomy
Components and Boundaries of the Gluteal Region Components The gluteal region is the area posterior to the pelvic girdle between the iliac crest and the gluteal fold. The region comprises the following: Muscle groups: Nerves: Vessels: Foramina: Boundaries Gluteal Muscles The gluteal muscles can be divided into 2 groups that are responsible for the […]
Femoral Region and Hernias: Anatomy
Anatomy Femoral ring The femoral ring is the proximal or abdominal/pelvic opening of the femoral canal. Boundaries: Femoral canal The femoral canal is a cylindrical space, making up the medial compartment enclosed within the femoral sheath. Femoral triangle The femoral triangle is located on the medial aspect of the anterior thigh. Femoral hernia The femoral […]
Popliteal Fossa: Anatomy
Boundaries of the Popliteal Fossa Popliteal fossa Boundaries Multiple muscles of the dorsal thigh and lower leg form the majority of the boundaries of the popliteal fossa. Boundaries Structures Superolaterally Biceps femoris muscle Superomedially Semimembranosus muscle Semitendinosus muscle Inferolaterally Lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle Plantaris muscle Inferomedially Medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle Roof […]
Forearm: Anatomy
Bones and Articulations of the Forearm Bones The forearm contains 2 long bones: The bones of the forearm, the radius laterally and ulna medially, are held together by the fibrous interosseous membrane. Joints Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Forearm The muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm are often separated into superficial, […]
Hand: Anatomy
Bones of the Hand The bones of the hand consist of the following: Joints of the Hand The joints of the hand and fingers consist of: Table: Joints of the hand Type Components Function Clinical relevance Interphalangeal Hinge joint Between the phalanges of each digit Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints The thumb […]
Wrist Joint: Anatomy
Bones of the Wrist The bones of the wrist consist of: There are many mnemonics to help memorize the order and location of the carpal bones. They are learned from lateral to medial and proximal to distal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate. Joints of the Wrist The wrist is able to move […]